FCL.930.FI FI – Training course — Part-FCL

AMCAcceptable means of compliance

AMC1 FCL.930.FIFI Training course

Show the text

FI(A), FI(H), FI(As) AND FI(G)TRAINING COURSE

GENERAL

(a)The aim of the FI training course is to train aircraft licence holders to the level of competence defined in FCL.920.

(b)The training course should develop safety awareness throughout by teaching the knowledge, skills and attitudes relevant to the FI task including at least the following:

(1)refresh the technical knowledge of the student instructor;

(2)train the student instructor to teach the ground subjects and air exercises;

(3)ensure that the student instructor’s flying is of a sufficiently high standard;

(4)teach the student instructor the principles of basic instruction and to apply them at the PPL level.

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION

(c)The remaining 5 hours in FCL.930.FI(b)(3) may be mutual flying (that is, two applicants flying together to practice flight demonstrations).

(d)The tassessment of competence is additional to the course training time.

CONTENT

(e)The training course consists of two parts:

(1)Part 1, theoretical knowledge, including the teaching and learning instruction that should comply with AMC1 FCL.920;

(2)Part 2, flight instruction.

Part 1

TEACHING AND LEARNING

(a)The course should include at least 125 hours of theoretical knowledge instruction, including at least 25 hours teaching and learning instruction.

CONTENT OF THE TEACHING AND LEARNING INSTRUCTIONS (INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES):

(b)The learning process:

(1)motivation;

(2)perception and understanding;

(3)memory and its application;

(4)habits and transfer;

(5)obstacles to learning;

(6)incentives to learning;

(7)learning methods;

(8)rates of learning.

(c)The teaching process:

(1)elements of effective teaching;

(2)planning of instructional activity;

(3)teaching methods;

(4)teaching from the ‘known’ to the ‘unknown’;

(5)use of ‘lesson plans’.

(d)Training philosophies:

(1)value of a structured (approved) course of training;

(2)importance of a planned syllabus;

(3)integration of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction.

(e)Techniques of applied instruction:

(1)theoretical knowledge: classroom instruction techniques:

(i)use of training aids;

(ii)group lectures;

(iii)individual briefings;

(iv)student participation or discussion.

(2)flight: airborne instruction techniques:

(i)the flight or cockpit environment;

(ii)techniques of applied instruction;

(iii)post-flight and in-flight judgement and decision making.

(f)Student evaluation and testing:

(1)assessment of student performance:

(i)the function of progress tests;

(ii)recall of knowledge;

(iii)translation of knowledge into understanding;

(iv)development of understanding into actions;

(v)the need to evaluate rate of progress.

(2)analysis of student errors:

(i)establish the reason for errors;

(ii)tackle major faults first, minor faults second;

(iii)avoidance of over criticism;

(iv)the need for clear concise communication.

(g)Training programme development:

(1)lesson planning;

(2)preparation;

(3)explanation and demonstration;

(4)student participation and practice;

(5)evaluation.

(h)Human performance and limitations relevant to flight instruction:

(1)physiological factors:

(i)psychological factors;

(ii)human information processing;

(iii)behavioural attitudes;

(iv)development of judgement and decision making.

(2)threat and error management.

(i)Specific hazards involved in simulating systems failures and malfunctions in the aircraft during flight:

(i)importance of ‘touch drills’;

(ii)situational awareness;

(iii)adherence to correct procedures.

(j)Training administration:

(1)flight or theoretical knowledge instruction records;

(2)pilot’s personal flying logbook;

(3)the flight or ground curriculum;

(4)study material;

(5)official forms;

(6)flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook);

(7)flight authorisation papers;

(8)aircraft documents;

(9)the private pilot’s licence regulations.

A. Aeroplanes

Part 2

AIR EXERCISES

(a)The air exercises are similar to those used for the training of PPL(A) but with additional items designed to cover the needs of an FI.

(b)The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a broad instructional sequencing guide: therefore the demonstrations and practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend upon the following interrelated factors:

(1)the applicant’s progress and ability;

(2)the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(3)the flight time available;

(4)instructional technique considerations;

(5)the local operating environment.

(c)It follows that student instructors will eventually be faced with similar interrelated factors. They should be shown and taught how to construct flight lesson plans, taking these factors into account, so as to make the best use of each flight lesson, combining parts of the set exercises as necessary.

GENERAL

(d)The briefing normally includes a statement of the aim and a brief allusion to principles of flight only if relevant. An explanation is to be given of exactly what air exercises are to be taught by the instructor and practised by the student during the flight. It should include information on how the flight will be conducted, who is to fly the aeroplane and what airmanship, weather and flight safety aspects currently apply. The nature of the lesson will govern the order in which the constituent parts are to be taught.

(e)The four basic components of the briefing will be:

(1)the aim;

(2)principles of flight (briefest reference only);

(3)the air exercise(s) (what, and how and by whom);

(4)airmanship (weather, flight safety etc.).

PLANNING OF FLIGHT LESSONS

(f)The preparation of lesson plans is an essential prerequisite of good instruction and the student instructor is to be given supervised practice in the planning and practical application of flight lesson plans.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

(g)The student instructor should complete flight training to practise the principles of basic instruction at the PPL(A) level.

(h)During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student instructor occupies the seat normally occupied by the FI(A).

(i)It is to be noted that airmanship and look-out is a vital ingredient of all flight operations. Therefore, in the following air exercises the relevant aspects of airmanship are to be stressed at all times.

(j)If the privileges of the FI(A) certificate are to include instruction for night flying, exercises 19 and 20 of the flight instruction syllabus should be undertaken at night in addition to by day either as part of the course or subsequent to certification issue.

(k)The student instructor should learn how to identify common errors and how to correct them properly, which should be emphasised at all times.

SYLLABUS OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTION CONTENTS

LONG BRIEFINGS AND AIR EXERCISES

Note: though exercise 11b is not required for the PPL(A) course, it is a requirement for the FI course.

EXERCISE 1: FAMILIARISATION WITH tHE AEROPLANE

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)introduction to the aeroplane;

(2)explanation of the cockpit layout;

(3)aeroplane and engine systems;

(4)checklists, drills and controls;

(5)propeller safety;

(i)precautions general;

(ii)precautions before and during hand turning;

(iii)hand swinging technique for starting (if applicable to type).

(6)differences when occupying the instructor’s seat;

(7)emergency drills:

(i)action if fire in the air and on the ground: engine, cock or cabin and electrical fire;

(ii)system failure as applicable to type;

(iii)escape drills: location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 2: PREPARATION FOR AND ACTION AFTER FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)flight authorisation and aeroplane acceptance, including technical log

(if applicable) and certificate of maintenance;

(2)equipment required for flight (maps, etc.);

(3)external checks;

(4)internal checks;

(5)student comfort, harness, seat or rudder pedal adjustment;

(6)starting and warming up checks;

(7)power checks;

(8)running down, system checks and switching off the engine;

(9)leaving the aeroplane, parking, security and picketing;

(10)completion of authorisation sheet and aeroplane serviceability documents.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 3: AIR EXPERIENCE

(a)Long briefing objectives:

Note: there is no requirement for a long briefing for this exercise.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)air experience;

(2)cockpit layout, ergonomics and controls;

(3)cockpit procedures: stability and control.

EXERCISE 4: EFFECTS OF CONTROLS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)function of primary flying controls: when laterally level and banked;

(2)further effect of ailerons and rudder;

(3)effect of inertia;

(4)effect of air speed;

(5)effect of slipstream;

(6)effect of power;

(7)effect of trimming controls;

(8)effect of flaps;

(9)operation of mixture control;

(10)operation of carburettor heat control;

(11)operation of cabin heat or ventilation systems;

(b)Air exercise:

(1)primary effects of flying controls: when laterally level and banked;

(2)further effects of ailerons and rudder;

(3)effect of air speed;

(4)effect of slipstream;

(5)effect of power;

(6)effect of trimming controls;

(7)effect of flaps;

(8)operation of mixture control;

(9)operation of carburettor heat control;

(10)operation of cabin heat or ventilation systems;

(11)effect of other controls as applicable.

EXERCISE 5: TAXIING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)pre-taxiing checks;

(2)starting, control of speed and stopping;

(3)engine handling;

(4)control of direction and turning (including manoeuvring in confined spaces);

(5)parking area procedures and precautions;

(6)effect of wind and use of flying controls;

(7)effect of ground surface;

(8)freedom of Rudder movement;

(9)marshalling signals;

(10)instrument checks;

(11)ATC procedures;

(12)emergencies: steering failure and brake failure.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)pre-taxiing checks;

(2)starting, control of speed and stopping;

(3)engine handling;

(4)control of direction and turning;

(5)turning in confined spaces;

(6)parking area procedures and precautions;

(7)effect of wind and use of flying control;

(8)effect of ground surface;

(9)freedom of Rudder movement;

(10)marshalling signals;

(11)instrument checks;

(12)ATC procedures;

(13)emergencies: steering failure and brake failure.

EXERCISE 6: STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)the forces;

(2)longitudinal stability and control in pitch;

(3)relationship of CG to control in pitch;

(4)lateral and directional stability (control of lateral level and balance);

(5)attitude and balance control;

(6)trimming;

(7)power settings and air speeds;

(8)drag and power curves;

(9)range and endurance.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)at normal cruising power;

(2)attaining and maintaining straight and level flight;

(3)demonstration of inherent stability;

(4)control in pitch, including use of elevator trim control;

(5)lateral level, direction and balance, use of rudder trim controls as applicable at selected air speeds (use of power):

(i)effect of drag and use of power (two air speeds for one power setting);

(ii)straight and level in different aeroplane configurations (flaps and landing gear);

(iii)use of instruments to achieve precision flight.

EXERCISE 7: CLIMBING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)the forces;

(2)relationship between power or air speed and rate of climb (power curves maximum rate of climb (vy));

(3)effect of mass;

(4)effect of flaps;

(5)engine considerations;

(6)effect of density altitude;

(7)the cruise climb;

(8)maximum angle of climb (vx).

(b)Air exercise:

(1)entry and maintaining the normal maximum rate climb;

(2)levelling off;

(3)levelling off at selected altitudes;

(4)climbing with flaps down;

(5)recovery to normal climb;

(6)en-route climb (cruise climb);

(7)maximum angle of climb;

(8)use of instruments to achieve precision flight.

EXERCISE 8: DESCENDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)the forces;

(2)glide descent: angle, air speed and rate of descent;

(3)effect of flaps;

(4)effect of wind;

(5)effect of mass;

(6)engine considerations;

(7)power assisted descent: power or air speed and rate of descent;

(8)cruise descent;

(9)sideslip.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)entry and maintaining the glide;

(2)levelling off;

(3)levelling off at selected altitudes;

(4)descending with flaps down;

(5)powered descent: cruise descent (including effect of power and air speed);

(6)side-slipping (on suitable types);

(7)use of instrument to achieve precision flight.

EXERCISE 9: TURNING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)the forces;

(2)use of controls;

(3)use of power;

(4)maintenance of attitude and balance;

(5)medium level turns;

(6)climbing and descending turns;

(7)slipping turns;

(8)turning onto selected headings: use of gyro heading indicator and magnetic compass.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)entry and maintaining medium level turns;

(2)resuming straight flight;

(3)faults in the turn (incorrect pitch, bank and balance);

(4)climbing turns;

(5)descending turns;

(6)slipping turns (on suitable types);

(7)turns to selected headings: use of gyro heading indicator and magnetic compass

(8)use of instruments to achieve precision flight;

Note: stall or spin awareness and avoidance training consists of exercises 10a, 10b and 11a.

EXERCISE 10a: SLOW FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)aeroplane handling characteristics during slow flight at:

(i)vs1 & vso + 10 knots;

(ii)vs1 & vso + 5 knots.

(2)slow flight during instructor induced distractions;

(3)effect of overshooting in configurations where application of engine power causes a strong ‘nose-up’ trim change.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)safety checks;

(2)introduction to slow flight;

(3)controlled slow flight in the clean configuration at:

(i)vs1 + 10 knots and with flaps down;

(ii)vso + 10 knots;

(iii)straight and level flight;

(iv)level turns;

(v)climbing and descending;

(vi)climbing and descending turns.

(4)controlled slow flight in the clean configuration at:

(i)vs1 + 5 knots and with flaps down;

(ii)vso + 5 knots;

(iii)straight and level flight;

(iv)level turns;

(v)climbing and descending;

(vi)climbing and descending turns;

(vii)descending ‘unbalanced’ turns at low air speed: the need to maintain balanced flight.

(5)‘instructor induced distractions’ during flight at low air speed: the need to maintain balanced flight and a safe air speed;

(6)effect of going around in configurations where application of engine power causes a strong ‘nose up’ trim change.

EXERCISE 10b: STALLING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)characteristics of the stall;

(2)angle of attack;

(3)effectiveness of the controls at the stall;

(4)factors affecting the stalling speed:

(i)effect of flaps, slats and slots;

(ii)effect of power, mass, CG and load factor.

(5)effects of unbalance at the stall;

(6)symptoms of the stall;

(7)stall recognition and recovery;

(8)stalling and recovery:

(i)without power;

(ii)with power on;

(iii)with flaps down;

(iv)maximum power climb (straight and turning flight to the point of stall with uncompensated yaw);

(v)stalling and recovery during manoeuvres involving more than 1 G (accelerated stalls, including secondary stalls and recoveries);

(vi)recovering from incipient stalls in the landing and other configurations and conditions;

(vii)recovering at the incipient stage during change of configuration;

(viii)stalling and recovery at the incipient stage with ‘instructor induced’ distractions.

Note: consideration is to be given to manoeuvre limitations and references to the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook) in relation to mass and balance limitations. The safety checks should take into account the minimum safe altitude for initiating such exercises in order to ensure an adequate margin of safety for the recovery. If specific procedures for stalling or spinning exercises and for the recovery techniques are provided by the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook), they have to be taken into consideration. These factors are also covered in the next exercise spinning.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)safety checks;

(2)symptoms of the stall;

(3)stall recognition and recovery:

(i)without power;

(ii)with power on;

(iii)recovery when a wing drops at the stall;

(iv)stalling with power ‘on’ and recovery;

(v)stalling with flap ‘down’ and recovery;

(vi)maximum power climb (straight and turning flight) to the point of stall with uncompensated yaw: effect of unbalance at the stall when climbing power is being used;

(vii)stalling and recovery during manoeuvres involving more than 1 G (accelerated stalls, including secondary stalls and recoveries);

(viii)recoveries from incipient stalls in the landing and other configurations and conditions;

(ix)recoveries at the incipient stage during change of configuration;

(x)instructor induced distractions during stalling.

Note: consideration of manoeuvre limitations and the need to refer to the aeroplane manual and weight (mass) and balance calculations. The safety checks should take into account the minimum safe altitude for initiating such exercises in order to ensure an adequate margin of safety for the recovery. If specific procedures for stalling or spinning exercises and for the recovery techniques are provided by the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook), they have to be taken into consideration. These factors are to be covered in the next exercise: spinning.

EXERCISE 11a: SPIN RECOVERY AT THE INCIPIENT STAGE

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)causes, stages, autorotation and characteristics of the spin;

(2)recognition and recovery at the incipient stage: entered from various flight attitudes;

(3)aeroplane limitations.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)aeroplane limitations;

(2)safety checks;

(3)recognition at the incipient stage of a spin;

(4)recoveries from incipient spins entered from various attitudes with the aeroplane in the clean configuration, including instructor induced distractions.

EXERCISE 11b: SPIN RECOVERY AT THE DEVELOPED STAGE

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)spin entry;

(2)recognition and identification of spin direction;

(3)spin recovery;

(4)use of controls;

(5)effects of power or flaps (flap restriction applicable to type);

(6)effect of the CG upon spinning characteristics;

(7)spinning from various flight attitudes;

(8)aeroplane limitation;

(9)safety checks.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)aeroplane limitations;

(2)safety checks;

(3)spin entry;

(4)recognition and identification of the spin direction;

(5)spin recovery (reference to flight manual);

(6)use of controls;

(7)effects of power or flaps (restrictions applicable to aeroplane type);

(8)spinning and recovery from various flight attitudes.

EXERCISE 12: TAKE-OFF AND CLIMB TO DOWNWIND POSITION

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)handling: factors affecting the length of take-off run and initial climb;

(2)correct lift off speed, use of elevators (safeguarding the nose wheel), rudder and power;

(3)effect of wind (including crosswind component);

(4)effect of flaps (including the decision to use and the amount permitted);

(5)effect of ground surface and gradient upon the take-off run;

(6)effect of mass, altitude and temperature on take-off and climb performance;

(7)pre take-off checks;

(8)ATC procedure before take-off;

(9)drills, during and after take-off;

(10)noise abatement procedures;

(11)tail wheel considerations (as applicable);

(12)short or soft field take-off considerations or procedures;

(13)emergencies:

(i)aborted take-off;

(ii)engine failure after take-off.

(14)ATC procedures.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)take-off and climb to downwind position;

(2)pre take-off checks;

(3)into wind take-off;

(4)safeguarding the nose wheel;

(5)crosswind take-off;

(6)drills during and after take-off;

(7)short take-off and soft field procedure or techniques (including performance calculations);

(8)noise abatement procedures.

EXERCISE 13: CIRCUIT, APPROACH AND LANDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)downwind leg, base leg and approach: position and drills;

(2)factors affecting the final approach and the landing run;

(3)effect of mass;

(4)effects of altitude and temperature;

(5)effect of wind;

(6)effect of flap;

(7)landing;

(8)effect of ground surface and gradient upon the landing run;

(9)types of approach and landing:

(i)powered;

(ii)crosswind;

(iii)flapless (at an appropriate stage of the course);

(iv)glide;

(v)short field;

(vi)soft field.

(10)tail wheel aeroplane considerations (as applicable);

(11)missed approach;

(12)engine handling;

(13)wake turbulence awareness;

(14)windshear awareness;

(15)ATC procedures;

(16)mislanding and go-around;

(17)special emphasis on look-out.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)circuit approach and landing;

(2)circuit procedures: downwind and base leg;

(3)powered approach and landing;

(4)safeguarding the nose wheel;

(5)effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds and use of flaps;

(6)crosswind approach and landing;

(7)glide approach and landing;

(8)flapless approach and landing (short and soft field);

(9)short field and soft field procedures;

(10)wheel landing (tail wheel aircraft);

(11)missed approach and go-around;

(12)mislanding and go-around;

(13)noise abatement procedures.

EXERCISE 14: FIRST SOLO AND CONSOLIDATION

Note: a summary of points to be covered before sending the student on first solo.

(a)Long briefing objectives:

During the flights immediately following the solo circuit consolidation period the following should be covered:

(1)procedures for leaving and rejoining the circuit;

(2)local area (restrictions, controlled airspace, etc.);

(3)compass turns;

(4)QDM meaning and use.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 15: ADVANCED TURNING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)the forces;

(2)use of power;

(3)effect of load factor:

(i)structural considerations

(ii)increased stalling speed.

(4)physiological effects;

(5)rate and radius of turn;

(6)steep, level, descending and climbing turns;

(7)stalling in the turn and how to avoid it;

(8)spinning from the turn: recovery at the incipient stage;

(9)spiral dive;

(10)unusual attitudes and recoveries.

Note: considerations are to be given to manoeuvre limitations and reference to the flight manual or equivalent document (for example owner’s manual or pilot’s operating handbook) in relation to mass and balance, and any other restrictions for practice entries to the spin.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)level, descending and climbing steep turns;

(2)stalling in the turn;

(3)spiral dive;

(4)spinning from the turn;

(5)recovery from unusual attitudes;

(6)maximum rate turns.

EXERCISE 16: FORCED LANDING WITHOUT POWER

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)selection of forced landing areas;

(2)provision for change of plan;

(3)gliding distance: consideration;

(4)planning the descent;

(5)key positions;

(6)engine failure checks;

(7)use of radio: R/T ‘distress’ procedure;

(8)base leg;

(9)final approach;

(10)go-around;

(11)landing considerations;

(12)actions after landing: aeroplane security;

(13)causes of engine failure.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)forced landing procedures;

(2)selection of landing area:

(i)provision for change of plan;

(ii)gliding distance considerations.

(3)planning the descent;

(4)key positions;

(5)engine failure checks;

(6)engine cooling precautions;

(7)use of radio;

(8)base leg;

(9)final approach;

(10)landing;

(11)actions after landing: when the exercise is conducted at an aerodrome;

(12)aeroplane security.

EXERCISE 17: PRECAUTIONARY LANDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)occasions when necessary (in-flight conditions);

(2)landing area selection and communication (R/T procedure);

(3)overhead inspection;

(4)simulated approach;

(5)climb away;

(6)landing area selection:

(i)normal aerodrome;

(ii)disused aerodrome;

(iii)ordinary field;

(7)circuit and approach;

(8)actions after landing; aeroplane security.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)occasions when necessary (in-flight conditions):

(2)landing area selection

(3)overhead inspection

(4)simulated approach

(5)climb away

(6)landing area selection:

(i)normal aerodrome;

(ii)disused aerodrome;

(iii)ordinary field;

(7)circuit and approach;

(8)actions after landing; aeroplane security;

EXERCISE 18a: NAVIGATION

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)flight planning;

(i)weather forecast and actual(s);

(ii)map selection, orientation, preparation and use:

(A)choice of route;

(B)regulated or controlled airspace;

(C)danger, prohibited and restricted areas;

(D)safety altitude.

(iii)calculations:

(A)magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(B)fuel consumption;

(C)mass and balance;

(D)mass and performance.

(iv)flight information:

(A)NOTAMs etc.;

(B)noting of required radio frequencies;

(C)selection of alternate aerodrome(s).

(v)aeroplane documentation.

(vi)notification of the flight:

(A)pre-flight administration procedures;

(B)flight plan form (where appropriate).

(2)departure;

(i)organisation of cockpit workload;

(ii)departure procedures:

(A)altimeter settings;

(B)setting heading procedures;

(C)noting of ETA(s).

(iii)en-route map reading: identification of ground features;

(iv)maintenance of altitudes and headings;

(v)revisions to ETA and heading, wind effect, drift angle and groundspeed checks;

(vi)log keeping;

(vii)use of radio (including VDF if applicable);

(viii)minimum weather conditions for continuance of flight;

(ix)‘in-flight’ decisions;

(x)diversion procedures;

(xi)operations in regulated or controlled airspace;

(xii)procedures for entry, transit and departure;

(xiii)navigation at minimum level;

(xiv)uncertainty of position procedure, including R/T procedure;

(xv)lost procedure;

(xvi)use of radio navaids.

(3)arrival procedures and aerodrome circuit joining procedures:

(i)ATC liaison, R/T procedure, etc.;

(ii)altimeter setting,

(iii)entering the traffic pattern (controlled or uncontrolled aerodromes);

(iv)circuit procedures;

(v)parking procedures;

(vi)security of aircraft;

(vii)refuelling;

(viii)booking in.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)flight planning:

(i)weather forecast and actual(s);

(ii)map selection and preparation:

(A)choice of route;

(B)regulated or controlled airspace;

(C)danger, prohibited and restricted areas;

(D)safety altitude.

(iii)calculations:

(A)magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(B)fuel consumption;

(C)mass and balance;

(D)mass and performance.

(iv)flight information:

(A)NOTAMs etc.;

(B)noting of required radio frequencies;

(C)selection of alternate aerodromes.

(v)aircraft documentation;

(vi)notification of the flight:

(A)flight clearance procedures (as applicable);

(B)flight plans.

(2)aerodrome departure;

(i)organisation of cockpit workload;

(ii)departure procedures:

(A)altimeter settings;

(B)en-route;

(C)noting of ETA(s).

(iii)wind effect, drift angle and ground speed checks;

(iv)maintenance of altitudes and headings;

(v)revisions to ETA and heading;

(vi)log keeping;

(vii)use of radio (including VDF if applicable);

(viii)minimum weather conditions for continuance of flight;

(ix)‘in-flight’ decisions;

(x)diversion procedure;

(xi)operations in regulated or controlled airspace;

(xii)procedures for entry, transit and departure;

(xiii)uncertainty of position procedure;

(xiv)lost procedure;

(xv)use of radio navaids.

(3)arrival procedures and aerodrome joining procedures:

(i)ATC liaison, R/T procedure etc.;

(ii)altimeter setting,

(iii)entering the traffic pattern;

(iv)circuit procedures;

(v)parking procedures

(vi)security of aircraft;

(vii)refuelling;

(viii)booking in.

EXERCISE 18b: NAVIGATION AT LOWER LEVELS AND IN REDUCED VISIBILITY

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)general considerations:

(i)planning requirements before flight in entry or exit lanes;

(ii)ATC rules, pilot qualifications and aircraft equipment;

(iii)entry or exit lanes and areas where specific local rules apply.

(2)low level familiarisation:

(i)actions before descending;

(ii)visual impressions and height keeping at low altitude;

(iii)effects of speed and inertia during turns;

(iv)effects of wind and turbulence;

(3)low level operation:

(i)weather considerations;

(ii)low cloud and good visibility;

(iii)low cloud and poor visibility;

(iv)avoidance of moderate to heavy rain showers;

(v)effects of precipitation;

(vi)joining a circuit;

(vii)bad weather circuit, approach and landing.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)general considerations: entry or exit lanes and areas where specific local rules apply;

(2)low level familiarisation:

(i)actions before descending;

(ii)visual impressions and height keeping at low altitude;

(iii)effects of speed and inertia during turns;

(iv)effects of wind and turbulence;

(v)hazards of operating at low levels;

(3)low level operation:

(i)weather considerations;

(ii)low cloud and good visibility;

(iii)low cloud and poor visibility;

(iv)avoidance of moderate to heavy rain showers;

(v)effects of precipitation (forward visibility);

(vi)joining a circuit;

(vii)bad weather circuit, approach and landing.

EXERCISE 18c: USE OF RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS UNDER VFR

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)use of VOR:

(i)availability, AIP and frequencies;

(ii)signal reception range;

(iii)selection and identification;

(iv)radials and method of numbering;

(v)use of OBS;

(vi)to or from indication and station passage;

(vii)selection, interception and maintaining a radial;

(viii)use of two stations to determine position.

(2)use of ADF equipment:

(i)availability of NDB stations, AIP and frequencies;

(ii)signal reception range;

(iii)selection and identification;

(iv)orientation in relation to NDP;

(v)homing to an NDP.

(3)use of VHF/DF:

(i)availability. AIP and frequencies;

(ii)R/T procedures;

(iii)obtaining QDMs and QTEs.

(4)use of radar facilities:

(i)availability and provision of service and AIS;

(ii)types of service;

(iii)R/T procedures and use of transponder:

(A)mode selection;

(B)emergency codes.

(5)use of distance DME:

(i)availability and AIP;

(ii)operating modes;

(iii)slant range.

(6)use of GNSS (RNAV – SATNAV):

(i)availability;

(ii)operating modes;

(iii)limitations.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)use of VOR:

(i)availability, AIP and frequencies;

(ii)selection and identification;

(iii)use of OBS;

(iv)to or from indications: orientation;

(v)use of CDI;

(vi)determination of radial;

(vii)intercepting and maintaining a radial;

(viii)VOR passage;

(ix)obtaining a fix from two VORs.

(2)use of ADF equipment;

(i)availability of NDB stations, AIP and frequencies;

(ii)selection and identification;

(iii)orientation relative to the beacon;

(iv)homing.

(3)use of VHF/DF:

(i)availability, AIP and frequencies;

(ii)R/T procedures and ATC liaison;

(iii)obtaining a QDM and homing.

(4)use of en-route or terminal radar:

(i)availability and AIP;

(ii)procedures and ATC liaison;

(iii)pilot’s responsibilities;

(iv)secondary surveillance radar;

(v)transponders;

(vi)code selection;

(vii)interrogation and reply.

(5)use of DME:

(i)station selection and identification;

(ii)modes of operation.

(6)use of GNSS (RNAV – SATNAV):

(i)setting up;

(ii)operation;

(iii)interpretation.

EXERCISE 19: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)flight instruments;

(i)physiological sensations;

(ii)instrument appreciation;

(iii)attitude instrument flight;

(iv)pitch indications;

(v)bank indications;

(vi)different dial presentations;

(vii)introduction to the use of the attitude indicator;

(viii)pitch attitude;

(ix)bank attitude;

(x)maintenance of heading and balanced flight;

(xi)instrument limitations (inclusive system failures).

(2)attitude, power and performance;

(i)attitude instrument flight:

(ii)control instruments;

(iii)performance instruments;

(iv)effect of changing power and configuration;

(v)cross-checking the instrument indications;

(vi)instrument interpretation;

(vii)direct and indirect indications (performance instruments);

(viii)instrument lag;

(ix)selective radial scan;

(3)basic flight manoeuvres (full panel);

(i)straight and level flight at various air speeds and aeroplane configurations;

(ii)climbing;

(iii)descending;

(iv)standard rate turns onto pre-selected headings:

(A)level;

(B)climbing;

(C)Descending.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)Introduction to instrument flying

(i)flight instruments;

(ii)physiological sensations;

(iii)instrument appreciation;

(iv)attitude instrument flight;

(v)pitch attitude;

(vi)bank attitude;

(vii)maintenance of heading and balanced flight;

(2)attitude, power and performance;

(i)attitude instrument flight;

(ii)effect of changing power and configuration;

(iii)cross-checking the instruments;

(iv)selective radial scan;

(3)basic flight manoeuvres (full panel);

(i)straight and level flight at various air speeds and aeroplane configurations;

(ii)climbing;

(iii)descending;

(iv)standard rate turns onto pre-selected headings:

(A)level;

(B)climbing;

(C)Descending

EXERCISE 20: NIGHT FLYING (if night instructional qualification required)

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)start up procedures;

(2)local procedures: including ATC liaison;

(3)taxiing:

(i)parking area and taxiway lighting;

(ii)judgement of speed and distances;

(iii)use of taxiway lights;

(iv)avoidance of hazards: obstruction lighting;

(v)instrument checks;

(vi)holding point: lighting procedure;

(vii)initial familiarisation at night;

(viii)local area orientation;

(ix)significance of lights on other aircraft;

(x)ground obstruction lights;

(xi)division of piloting effort: external or instrument reference;

(xii)rejoining procedure;

(xiii)aerodrome lighting: approach and runway lighting (including VASI and PAPI):

(A)threshold lights;

(B)approach lighting;

(C)visual approach slope indicator systems.

(4)night circuits;

(i)take-off and climb:

(A)line up;

(B)visual references during the take-off run;

(C)transfer to instruments;

(D)establishing the initial climb;

(E)use of flight instruments;

(F)instrument climb and initial turn.

(ii)circuit:

(A)aeroplane positioning: reference to runway lighting;

(B)the traffic pattern and look-out;

(C)initial approach and runway lighting demonstration;

(D)aeroplane positioning;

(E)changing aspect of runway lights and VASI (or PAPI);

(F)intercepting the correct approach path;

(G)the climb away.

(iii)approach and landing:

(A)positioning, base leg and final approach;

(B)diurnal wind effect;

(C)use of landing lights;

(D)the flare and touchdown;

(E)the roll out;

(F)turning off the runway: control of speed.

(iv)missed approach:

(A)use of instruments;

(B)re-positioning in the circuit pattern;

(5)night navigation:

(i)particular emphasis on flight planning;

(ii)selection of ground features visible at night:

(A)air light beacons;

(B)effect of cockpit lighting on map colours;

(C)use of radio aids;

(D)effect of moonlight upon visibility at night;

(iii)emphasis on maintaining a ‘minimum safe altitude’;

(iv)alternate aerodromes: restricted availability;

(v)restricted recognition of weather deterioration;

(vi)lost procedures;

(6)night emergencies;

(i)radio failure;

(ii)failure of runway lighting;

(iii)failure of aeroplane landing lights;

(iv)failure of aeroplane internal lighting;

(v)failure of aeroplane navigation lights;

(vi)total electrical failure;

(vii)abandoned take-off;

(viii)engine failure;

(ix)obstructed runway procedure.

(b)Air exercise: during the air exercise all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site and the student instructor should demonstrate the following items:

(1)how to plan and to perform a flight at night;

(2)how to advise the student pilot to plan and prepare a flight at night;

(3)how to advise the student pilot to perform a flight at night;

(4)how to analyse and correct errors as necessary.

B. Helicopters

GROUND INSTRUCTION

Note: During ground instruction the student instructor should pay specific attention to the teaching of enhanced ground instruction in weather interpretation, planning and route assessment, decision making on encountering DVE including reversing course or conduction a precautionary landing.

Part 2

AIR EXERCISES

(a)The air exercises are similar to those used for the training of PPL(H) but with additional items designed to cover the needs of an FI.

(1)the applicant’s progress and ability;

(2)the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(3)the flight time available;

(4)instructional technique considerations;

(5)the local operating environment;

(6)applicability of the exercises to the helicopter type.

GENERAL

(d)The briefing normally includes a statement of the objectives and a brief reference to principles of flight only if relevant. An explanation is to be given of exactly what air exercises are to be taught by the instructor and practised by the student during the flight. It should include how the flight will be conducted about who is to fly the helicopter and what airmanship, weather and flight safety aspects currently apply. The nature of the lesson will govern the order in which the constituent parts are to be taught.

(e)The four basic components of the briefing will be:

(1)the aim;

(2)principles of flight (briefest reference only);

(3)the air exercise(s) (what, and how and by whom);

(4)airmanship (weather, flight safety etc.).

PLANNING OF FLIGHT LESSONS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

(g)The student instructor should complete flight training to practise the principles of basic instruction at the PPL(H) level.

(h)During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student instructor occupies the seat normally occupied by the FI(H).

(j)If the privileges of the FI(H) certificate are to include instruction for night flying, exercise 28 should be undertaken either as part of the course or subsequent to certificate issue.

(k)The student instructor should learn how to identify common errors and how to correct them properly, which should be emphasised at all times.

(l)The student instructor should be trained to keep in mind that wherever possible, flight simulation should be used to demonstrate to student pilots the effects of flight into DVE and to enhance their understanding and need for avoidance of this potentially fatal flight regime.

SYLLABUS OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTION CONTENTS

LONG BRIEFINGS AND AIR EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1: FAMILIARISATION WITH THE HELICOPTER

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)introduction to the helicopter;

(2)explanation of the cockpit layout;

(3)helicopter and engine systems;

(4)checklist(s) and procedures;

(5)familiarisation with the helicopter controls;

(6)differences when occupying the instructor’s seat;

(7)emergency drills:

(i)action if fire in the air and on the ground: engine, cockpit or cabin and electrical fire;

(ii)system failure drills as applicable to type;

(iii)escape drills: location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 2: PREPARATION FOR AND ACTION AFTER FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)flight authorisation and helicopter acceptance, including technical log (if applicable) and certificate of maintenance:

(2)equipment required for flight (maps, etc.);

(3)external checks;

(4)internal checks;

(5)student comfort, harness, seat and rudder pedal adjustment;

(6)starting and after starting checks;

(7)system, power or serviceability checks (as applicable);

(8)closing down or shutting down the helicopter (including system checks).

(9)parking and leaving the helicopter (including safety or security as applicable);

(10)completion of authorisation sheet and helicopter serviceability documents.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 3: AIR EXPERIENCE

(a)Long briefing objectives:

Note: there is no requirement for a long briefing for this exercise.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)air experience;

(2)cockpit layout, ergonomics and controls;

(3)cockpit procedures: stability and control.

EXERCISE 4: EFFECTS OF CONTROLS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)function of the flying controls (primary and secondary effect);

(2)effect of air speed;

(3)effect of power changes (torque);

(4)effect of yaw (sideslip);

(5)effect of disc loading (bank and flare);

(6)effect on controls of selecting hydraulics on/off;

(7)effect of control friction;

(8)use of instruments;

(9)operation of carburettor heat or anti-icing control.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 5: POWER AND ATTITUDE CHANGES

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude and air speed flap back;

(2)power required diagram in relation to air speed;

(3)power and air speed changes in level flight;

(4)use of the instruments for precision;

(5)engine and air speed limitations;

(b)Air exercise:

(1)relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude and air speed flap back;

(2)power and air speed changes in level flight;

(3)use of instruments for precision (including instrument scan and lookout).

EXERCISE 6: LEVEL FLIGHT, CLIMBING, DESCENDING AND TURNING

Note: for ease of training this exercise is divided into four separate parts in the PPL(H) syllabus but may be taught complete or in convenient parts.

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)basic factors involved in level flight;

(2)normal power settings;

(3)use of control friction or trim;

(4)importance of maintaining direction and balance;

(5)power required or power available diagram;

(6)optimum climb and descent speeds, angles or rates;

(7)importance of balance, attitude and co-ordination in the turn;

(8)effects of turning on rate of climb or descent;

(9)use of the gyro direction or heading indicator and compass;

(10)use of instruments for precision.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)maintaining straight and level flight at normal cruise power;

(2)control in pitch, including use of control friction or trim;

(3)use of the ball or yaw string to maintain direction and balance;

(4)setting and use of power for selected air speeds and speed changes;

(5)entry to climb;

(6)normal and maximum rate of climb;

(7)levelling off from climb at selected altitudes or heights;

(8)entry to descent;

(9)effect of power and air speed on rate of descent;

(10)levelling off from descent at selected altitudes or heights;

(11)entry to medium rate turns;

(12)importance of balance, attitude and co-ordination to maintain level turn;

(13)resuming straight and level flight;

(14)turns onto selected headings, use of direction indicator and compass;

(15)turns whilst climbing and descending;

(16)effect of turn on rate of climb or descent;

(17)use of instruments for precision (including instrument scan and lookout).

EXERCISE 7: AUTOROTATION

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)characteristics of autorotation;

(2)safety checks (including look-out and verbal warning);

(3)entry and development of autorotation;

(4)effect of AUM, IAS, disc loading, G forces and density altitude on RRPM and rate of descent;

(5)rotor and engine limitations;

(6)control of air speed and RRPM;

(7)recovery to powered flight;

(8)throttle override and control of ERPM or RRPM during re-engagement (as applicable);

(9)danger of vortex condition during recovery.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)safety checks (including verbal warning and look-out);

(2)entry to and establishing in autorotation;

(3)effect of IAS and disc loading on RRPM and rate of descent;

(4)control of air speed and RRPM;

(5)recovery to powered flight;

(6)medium turns in autorotation;

(7)simulated engine off landing (as appropriate).

EXERCISE 8: HOVERING AND HOVER TAXIING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)ground effect and power required;

(2)effect of wind, attitude and surface;

(3)stability in hover and effects of over controlling;

(4)effect of control in hover;

(5)control and co-ordination during spot turns;

(6)requirement for slow hover speed to maintain ground effect;

(7)effect of hydraulic failure in hover;

(8)specific hazards, for example snow, dust, etc.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)ground effect and power or height relationship;

(2)effect of wind, attitude and surface;

(3)stability in hover and effects of over controlling;

(4)effect of control and hover technique;

(5)gentle forward running touchdown;

(6)control and co-ordination during spot (90 ° clearing) turns;

(7)control and co-ordination during hover taxi;

(8)dangers of mishandling and over pitching;

(9)(where applicable) effect of hydraulics failure in hover;

(10)simulated engine failure in the hover and hover taxi.

EXERCISE 9: TAKE-OFF AND LANDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)pre take-off checks or drills;

(2)importance of good look-out;

(3)technique for lifting to hover;

(4)after take-off checks;

(5)danger of horizontal movement near ground;

(6)dangers of mishandling and over pitching;

(7)technique for landing;

(8)after landing checks;

(9)take-off and landing crosswind and downwind.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)pre take-off checks or drills:

(2)pre take-off look-out technique;

(3)lifting to hover;

(4)after take-off checks;

(5)landing;

(6)after landing checks or drills;

(7)take-off and landing crosswind and downwind.

EXERCISE 10: TRANSITIONS FROM HOVER TO CLIMB AND APPROACH TO HOVER

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of ground effect;

(2)translational lift and its effects;

(3)inflow roll and its effects;

(4)revision of flap back and its effects;

(5)avoidance of curve diagram and associated dangers;

(6)effect or dangers of wind speed and direction during transitions;

(7)transition to climb technique;

(8)constant angle approach;

(9)transition to hover technique.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)revision of take-off and landing;

(2)transition from hover to climb;

(3)effect of translational lift, inflow roll and flap back;

(4)constant angle approach;

(5)technique for transition from descent to hover;

(6)a variable flare simulated engine off landing.

EXERCISE 11: CIRCUIT, APPROACH AND LANDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)circuit and associated procedures;

(2)take-off and climb (including checks or speeds);

(3)crosswind leg (including checks, speeds or angles of bank in turns);

(4)downwind leg (including pre-landing checks);

(5)base leg (including checks, speeds or angles of bank in turns);

(6)final approach (including checks or speeds);

(7)effect of wind on approach and hover IGE;

(8)crosswind approach and landing technique;

(9)missed approach and go-around technique (as applicable);

(10)steep approach technique (including danger of high sink rate);

(11)limited power approach technique (including danger of high speed at touchdown);

(12)use of the ground effect;

(13)abandoned take-off technique;

(14)hydraulic failure drills and hydraulics off landing technique (where applicable);

(15)drills or technique for tail rotor control or tail rotor drive failure;

(16)engine failure drills in the circuit to include;

(17)engine failure

(18)on take-off:

(i)crosswind;

(ii)downwind;

(iii)base leg;

(iv)on final approach.

(19)noise abatement procedures (as applicable).

(b)Air exercise:

(1)revision of transitions and constant angle approach;

(2)basic training circuit, including checks;

(3)crosswind approach and landing technique;

(4)missed approach and go-around technique (as applicable);

(5)steep approach technique;

(6)basic limited power approach or run on technique;

(7)use of ground effect;

(8)hydraulic failure and approach to touchdown with hydraulics off and to recover at safe height (as applicable);

(9)simulated engine failure on take-off, crosswind, downwind, base leg and finals;

(10)variable flare simulated engine off landing.

EXERCISE 12: FIRST SOLO

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)warning of change of attitude due to reduced and laterally displaced weight;

(2)low tail, low skid or wheel during hover or landing;

(3)dangers of loss of RRPM and over pitching;

(4)pre take-off checks;

(5)into wind take-off;

(6)drills during and after take-off;

(7)normal circuit, approach and landing;

(8)action if an emergency.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 13: SIDEWAYS AND BACKWARDS HOVER MANOEUVRING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of hovering;

(2)directional stability and weather cocking effect;

(3)danger of pitching nose down on recovery from backwards manoeuvring;

(4)helicopter limitations for sideways and backwards manoeuvring;

(5)effect of CG position.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)revision of hovering and 90 ° clearing turns;

(2)manoeuvring sideways heading into wind;

(3)manoeuvring backwards heading into wind;

(4)manoeuvring sideways and backwards heading out of wind;

(5)manoeuvring backwards too fast and recovery action.

EXERCISE 14: SPOT TURNS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of ground effect and effect of wind;

(2)weather cocking and control actions;

(3)control of RRPM;

(4)torque effect;

(5)cyclic limiting stops due to CG position (where applicable);

(6)rate of turn limitations;

(7)spot turn about pilot position;

(8)spot turn about tail rotor position;

(9)spot turn about helicopter geometric centre;

(10)square (safe visibility) and clearing turn.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)weather cocking, torque effect and control actions;

(2)rate of turn;

(3)spot turn about pilot position;

(4)spot turn about tail rotor position;

(5)spot turn about helicopter geometric centre;

(6)square and clearing turn.

EXERCISE 15: HOVER OUT OF GROUND EFFECT AND VORTEX RING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of ground effect and power required diagram;

(2)drift, height and power control, look-out or scan;

(3)vortex ring, (including dangers, recognition and recovery actions);

(4)loss of tail rotor effectiveness.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)to demonstrate hover OGE;

(2)drift, height, power control and look-out, and instrument scan technique;

(3)recognition of incipient stage of vortex ring and settling with power;

(4)recovery action from incipient stage of vortex ring;

(5)recognition of loss of tail rotor effectiveness and recovery actions.

EXERCISE 16: SIMULATED ENGINE OFF LANDINGS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of basic autorotation;

(2)effect of AUM, disc loading, density altitude and RRPM decay;

(3)use of cyclic and collective to control speed or RRPM;

(4)torque effect;

(5)use of flare or turn to restore RRPM;

(6)technique for variable flare simulated EOL;

(7)technique for constant attitude simulated EOL;

(8)revision of technique for hover or hover taxi simulated EOL;

(9)emergency technique for engine failure during transition;

(10)technique for low level simulated EOL.

(b)Air exercise

(1)revision of entry to and control in autorotation;

(2)variable flare simulated EOL

(3)constant attitude simulated EOL;

(4)hover simulated EOL;

(5)hover taxi simulated EOL;

(6)low level simulated EOL.

EXERCISE 17: ADVANCED AUTOROTATIONS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)effect of air speed or AUM on angles or rates of descent

(2)effect of RRPM setting on angle or rate of descent;

(3)reason and technique for range autorotation;

(4)reason and technique for constant attitude autorotation;

(5)reason and technique for low speed and ‘S’ turns in autorotation;

(6)speed or bank limitations in turns in autorotation;

(7)revision of re-engagement or go-around procedures.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)selection of ground marker and standard datum height to determine distance covered during various autorotation techniques;

(2)revision of basic autorotation;

(3)technique for range autorotation;

(4)technique for constant attitude autorotation;

(5)technique for low speed autorotation, including need for timely speed recovery;

(6)technique for ‘S’ turn in autorotation;

(7)180 and 360 ° turns in autorotation;

(8)revision of re-engagement and go-around technique.

EXERCISE 18: PRACTICE FORCED LANDINGS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)types of terrain or surface options for choice of best landing area;

(2)practice forced landing procedure;

(3)forced landing checks and crash actions;

(4)rules or height for recovery and go-around.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)recognition of types of terrain from normal cruise height or altitude;

(2)practice forced landing technique;

(3)revision of recovery or go-around technique.

EXERCISE 19: STEEP TURNS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)air speed or angle of bank limitations;

(2)technique for co-ordination to hold bank or attitude;

(3)revision of speed or bank limitations in autorotation including RRPM control;

(4)significance of disc loading, vibration and control feedback;

(5)effect of wind in turns at low level.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)technique for turning at 30 ° of bank;

(2)technique for turning at 45 ° of bank (where possible);

(3)steep autorotative turns;

(4)explanation of faults in the turn: balance, attitude, bank and coordination;

(5)effect of wind at low level.

EXERCISE 20: TRANSITIONS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of effect of ground cushion, translational lift and flap back;

(2)training requirement for precision exercise;

(3)technique for transition to forward flight and back to hover as precision exercise;

(4)effect of wind.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)transition from hover to minimum 50 knots IAS and back to hover;

Note: select constant height (20 - 30 ft) and maintain.

(2)effect of wind.

EXERCISE 21: QUICK STOPS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)power control co-ordination;

(2)revision of effect of wind;

(3)technique for quick stop into wind;

(4)technique for quick stop from crosswind;

(5)revision of air speed and angles of bank limitations;

(6)technique for emergency turn from downwind;

(7)technique for quick stop from downwind from high speed: flare and turn;

(8)technique for quick stop from downwind from low speed: turn and flare;

Note: use reasonable datum speed for example high speed, low speed.

(9)danger of holding flare when downwind, (vortex ring) - (minimum speed 70 knots);

(10)to revise danger of high disc loading.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)technique for quick stop into wind;

(2)technique for quick stop from crosswind;

(3)danger of vortex ring and disc loading;

(4)technique for quick stop from downwind with low speed;

(5)technique for quick stop from downwind with high speed;

(6)emergency turns from downwind.

EXERCISE 22: NAVIGATION

(a)Long briefing objectives:

Note: to be broken down into manageable parts at discretion of instructor.

(1)flight planning:

(i)weather forecasts and actuals;

(ii)map selection, orientation, preparation and use:

(A)choice of route;

(B)regulated or controlled airspace;

(C)danger, prohibited and restricted areas;

(D)safety altitude.

(iii)calculations:

(A)magnetic heading(s), time(s) en route;

(B)fuel consumption;

(C)mass and balance.

(iv)flight information:

(A)NOTAMs etc;

(B)noting of required radio frequencies;

(C)selection of alternate landing sites.

(v)helicopter documentation;

(vi)notification of the flight:

(A)pre-flight administration procedures;

(B)flight plan form (where appropriate).

(2)departure:

(i)organisation of cockpit workload;

(ii)departure procedures:

(A)altimeter settings;

(B)ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;

(C)setting heading procedure;

(D)noting of ETA(s);

(E)maintenance of height or altitude and heading.

(iii)procedure for revisions of ETA and headings to include:

(A)10° line, double track, track error and closing angle;

(B)1 in 60 rule;

(iv)amending an ETA;

(v)log keeping;

(vi)use of radio;

(vii)use of navaids;

(viii)weather monitoring and minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight;

(ix)significance of in-flight decision making;

(x)technique for transiting controlled or regulated airspace;

(xi)uncertainty of position procedure;

(xii)lost procedure.

(3)arrival:

(i)aerodrome joining procedure, in particular ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace:

(A)altimeter setting;

(B)entering traffic pattern;

(C)circuit procedures.

(ii)parking procedures, in particular:

(A)security of helicopter;

(B)refuelling;

(C)closing of flight plan, (if appropriate);

(D)post flight administrative procedures.

(4)navigation problems at low heights and reduced visibility:

(i)actions before descending;

(ii)significance of hazards, (for example obstacles and other traffic);

(iii)difficulties of map reading;

(iv)effects of wind and turbulence;

(v)significance of avoiding noise sensitive areas;

(vi)procedures for joining a circuit from low level;

(vii)procedures for a bad weather circuit and landing;

(viii)actions in the event of encountering DVE;

(ix)appropriate procedures and choice of landing area for precautionary landings;

(x)decision to divert or conduct precautionary landing;

(xi)precautionary landing.

(5)radio navigation:

(i)use of VOR:

(A)availability, AIP and frequencies;

(B)selection and identification;

(C)use of OBS;

(D)to or from indications: orientation;

(E)use of CDI;

(F)determination of radial;

(G)intercepting and maintaining a radial;

(H)VOR passage;

(I)obtaining a fix from two VORs.

(ii)use of ADF equipment:

(A)availability of NDB stations, AIP and frequencies;

(B)selection and identification;

(C)orientation relative to beacon;

(D)homing.

(iii)use of VHF/DF

(A)availability, AIP and frequencies;

(B)R/T procedures and ATC liaison;

(C)obtaining a QDM and homing.

(iv)use of en-route or terminal radar:

(A)availability and AIP;

(B)procedures and ATC liaison;

(C)pilots responsibilities;

(D)secondary surveillance radar:

(a)transponders;

(b)code selection;

(E)interrogation and reply.

(v)use of DME:

(A)station selection and identification;

(B)modes of operation: distance, groundspeed and time to run.

(vi)use of GNSS:

(A)selection of waypoints;

(B)to or from indications and orientation;

(C)error messages;

(D)hazards of over-reliance in the continuation of flight in DVE.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)navigation procedures as necessary;

(2)to advise student and correct errors as necessary;

(3)map reading techniques;

(4)the significance of calculations;

(5)revision of headings and ETA’s;

(6)use of radio;

(7)use of navaids: ADF/NDB, VOR, VHF/DF, DME and transponder;

(8)cross-country flying by using visual reference, DR, GNNS and, where available, radio navigation aids; simulation of deteriorating weather conditions and actions to divert or conduct precautionary landing;

(8)log keeping;

(9)importance of decision making;

(10)procedure to deal with uncertainty of position;

(11)lost procedure;

(12)appropriate procedures and choice of landing area for precautionary landings;

(13)aerodrome joining procedure;

(14)parking and shut-down procedures;

(15)post-flight administration procedures.

EXERCISE 23: ADVANCED TAKE-OFF, LANDINGS AND TRANSITIONS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of landing and take-off out of wind (performance reduction);

(2)revision of wind limitations;

(3)revision of directional stability variation when out of wind;

(4)revision of power required diagram;

(5)technique for downwind transitions;

(6)technique for vertical take-off over obstacles;

(7)reconnaissance technique for landing site;

(8)power checks;

(9)technique for running landing;

(10)technique for zero speed landing;

(11)technique for crosswind and downwind landings;

(12)steep approach, including dangers;

(13)revision of go-around procedures.

(b)Air exercise

(1)technique for downwind transition;

(2)technique for vertical take-off over obstacles;

(3)reconnaissance technique for landing site;

(4)power check and assessment;

(5)technique for running landing;

(6)technique for zero speed landing;

(7)technique for crosswind and downwind landings;

(8)technique for steep approach;

(9)go-around procedures.

EXERCISE 24: SLOPING GROUND

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)limitations;

(2)wind and slope relationship, including blade and control stops;

(3)effect of CG when on slope;

(4)ground effect and power required when on slope;

(5)landing technique when on slope, left, right and nose-up;

(6)avoidance of dynamic rollover, dangers of soft ground and sideways movement;

(7)dangers of over controlling near ground on slope;

(8)danger of striking main or tail rotor on up slope.

(b)Air exercise

(1)technique for assessing slope angle;

(2)technique for landing and take-off left skid up slope;

(3)technique for landing and take-off right skid up slope;

(4)technique for landing nose up slope;

(5)dangers of over controlling near ground.

EXERCISE 25: LIMITED POWER

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)use of appropriate helicopter performance graphs;

(2)selection of technique according to available power;

(3)effect of wind on available power.

(b)Air exercise: to revise and refine techniques demonstrated in exercise 23.

EXERCISE 26: CONFINED AREAS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)revision of use of helicopter performance graphs;

(2)procedure for locating landing site and selecting site marker;

(3)procedures for assessing wind speed and direction;

(4)landing site reconnaissance techniques;

(5)reason for selecting landing markers;

(6)procedure for selecting direction and type of approach;

(7)dangers of out of wind approach;

(8)circuit procedures;

(9)reason for approach to committal point and go-around, (practice approach);

(10)approach technique;

(11)revision of clearing turn and landing (sloping ground technique);

(12)hover power check or performance assessment IGE and OGE (if necessary);

(13)take-off procedures.

(b)Air exercise

(1)procedures for locating landing site and selecting site marker;

(2)procedures for assessing wind speed and direction;

(3)landing site reconnaissance techniques;

(4)selecting landing markers, direction and type of approach;

(5)circuit procedure;

(6)practice approach, go-around and approach technique;

(7)revision of clearing turn and landing (sloping ground technique);

(8)hover power check or performance assessment IGE and OGE (if necessary);

(9)take-off procedures.

EXERCISE 27: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)physiological sensations;

(2)instrument appreciation;

(3)attitude instrument flight;

(4)instrument scan;

(5)instrument limitations;

(6)basic manoeuvres by sole reference to instruments:

(i)straight and level flight at various air speeds and configurations;

(ii)climbing and descending;

(iii)standard rate turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings;

(iv)recoveries from climbing and descending turns (unusual attitudes).

(b)Air exercise:

(1)attitude instrument flight and instrument scan;

(2)basic manoeuvres by sole reference to instruments:

(i)straight and level flight at various air speeds and configurations;

(ii)climbing and descending;

(iii)standard rate turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings;

(iv)recoveries from climbing and descending turns (unusual attitudes).

EXERCISE 28: NIGHT FLYING (if night instructional qualification required)

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)medical or physiological aspects of night vision;

(2)requirement for torch to be carried (pre-flight inspection, etc.);

(3)use of the landing light;

(4)take-off and hover taxi procedures at night;

(5)night take-off procedure;

(6)cockpit procedures at night;

(7)approach techniques;

(8)night landing techniques;

(9)night autorotation techniques (power recovery at safe height);

(10)technique for practice forced landing at night (using appropriate illumination);

(11)emergency procedures at night;

(12)navigation principles at night;

(13)map marking for night use (highlighting built up or lit areas with thicker lines, etc.).

(b)Air exercise:

(1)use of torch for pre-flight inspection;

(2)use of landing light;

(3)night take-off to hover (no sideways or backwards movement);

(4)night hover taxi (higher and slower than by day);

(5)night transition procedure;

(6)night circuit;

(7)night approach and landing (including use of landing light);

(8)night autorotation (power recovery at safe height);

(9)practice forced landing at night (using appropriate illumination);

(10)night emergency procedures;

(11)night cross country techniques, as appropriate.

C. Airships

Part 2

AIR EXERCISES

(a)The air exercises are similar to those used for the training of PPL(As) but with additional items designed to cover the needs of an FI.

(1)the applicant’s progress and ability;

(2)the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(3)the flight time available;

(4)instructional technique considerations;

(5)the local operating environment.

GENERAL

(d)The briefing normally includes a statement of the aim and a brief allusion to principles of flight only if relevant. An explanation is to be given of exactly what air exercises are to be taught by the instructor and practised by the student during the flight. It should include how the flight will be conducted about who is to fly the airship and what airmanship, weather and flight safety aspects currently apply. The nature of the lesson will govern the order in which the constituent parts are to be taught.

(e)The four basic components of the briefing will be:

(1)the aim;

(2)principles of flight (briefest reference only);

(3)the air exercise(s) (what, and how and by whom);

(4)airmanship (weather, flight safety etc.).

PLANNING OF FLIGHT LESSONS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

(g)The student instructor should complete flight training to practise the principles of basic instruction at the PPL(As) level.

(h)During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student instructor occupies the seat normally occupied by the FI(As).

(j)The exercises 15 and 16 of the flight instruction syllabus should be undertaken at night in addition to by day as part of the course.

(k)The student instructor should learn how to identify common errors and how to correct them properly, which should be emphasised at all times.

SYLLABUS OF FLIGHT INSTRUCTION CONTENTS

LONG BRIEFINGS AND AIR EXERCISES

Note: although exercise 16 is not required for the PPL(As) course it is a requirement for the FI(As) course.

EXERCISE 1: FAMILIARISATION WITH THE AIRSHIP

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)introduction to the airship;

(2)characteristics of the airship;

(3)cockpit layout;

(4)airship and engine systems;

(5)use of the checklist(s) and procedures;

(6)to familiarise the student with the airship controls;

(7)differences when occupying the instructor’s seat;

(8)emergency drills:

(i)action if fire in the air or on the ground: engine, cockpit or cabin and electrical fire;

(ii)system failure drills as applicable to type;

(iii)escape drills: location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 2: PREPARATION FOR AND ACTION AFTER FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)flight authorisation and airship acceptance including tech log (if applicable) and certificate of maintenance;

(2)equipment required for flight (maps, etc.);

(3)external checks;

(4)internal checks;

(5)student comfort, harness, seat and rudder pedal adjustment;

(6)starting and after starting checks;

(7)system, power or serviceability checks (as applicable);

(8)closing down or shutting down the airship (including system checks);

(9)parking, masting and unmasting, leaving the airship (including safety or security as applicable);

(10)completion of the authorisation sheet and airship serviceability documents;

(b)Air exercise: all long briefing objectives mentioned above should also be trained on site during the air exercise.

EXERCISE 3: AIR EXPERIENCE

(a)Long briefing objectives:

Note: there is no requirement for a long briefing for this exercise.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)air experience;

(2)cockpit layout, ergonomics and controls;

(3)cockpit procedures: stability and control.

EXERCISE 4: EFFECTS OF CONTROLS

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)function of the flying controls (primary and secondary effect);

(2)effect of air speed;

(3)effect of power changes;

(4)effect of trimming and other controls;

(5)use of instruments;

(6)use of carburettor heat.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)function of the flying controls;

(2)effect of air speed;

(3)effect of power changes;

(4)effect of trimming and other controls;

(5)use of instruments (including instrument scan);

(6)use of carburettor heat.

EXERCISE 5: GROUND MANOEUVERING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)pre-taxi checks;

(2)starting, control of speed and stopping;

(3)engine handling;

(4)masting procedures;

(5)control of direction and turning;

(6)effects of wind;

(7)effects of ground surface;

(8)marshalling signals;

(9)instrument checks;

(10)ATC procedures;

(11)emergencies.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)starting, control of speed and stopping;

(2)engine handling;

(3)masting procedures;

(4)control of direction and turning;

(5)effect of wind.

EXERCISE 6: TAKE-OFF PROCEDURES

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)pre take-off checks;

(2)take-off with different static heaviness;

(3)drills during and after take-off;

(4)noise abatement procedures.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)take-off with different static heaviness;

(2)drills during and after take-off.

EXERCISE 6e: EMERGENCIES

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)abandoned take-off;

(2)engine failures and actions after take-off;

(3)malfunctions of thrust vector control;

(4)aerodynamic control failures;

(5)electrical and system failures.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)how to abandon a take-off;

(2)engine failure and suitable action;

(3)malfunctions of thrust vector control;

(4)aerodynamic control failures.

EXERCISE 7: CLIMBING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)entry and how to maintain the normal and max rate of climb;

(2)levelling off procedure;

(3)how to level off at selected altitudes;

(4)maximum angle of climb;

(5)maximum rate of climb.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)how to level off at selected altitudes;

(2)maximum angle of climb.

EXERCISE 8: STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)how to attain and maintain straight and level flight;

(2)flight at or close to pressure height;

(3)control in pitch, including use of trim;

(4)at selected air speeds (use of power);

(5)during speed changes;

(6)use of instruments for precision.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)how to attain and maintain straight and level flight;

(2)flight at or close to pressure height;

(3)control in pitch, including use of trim;

(4)at selected air speeds (use of power);

(5)during speed changes.

EXERCISE 9: DESCENDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)entry, maintaining and levelling off techniques;

(2)levelling off at selected altitudes;

(3)maximum rate of descent;

(4)maximum angle of descent;

(5)use of instruments for precision flight.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)levelling off at selected altitudes;

(2)maximum rate of descent;

(3)maximum angle of descent.

EXERCISE 10: TURNING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)entry and maintaining level turns;

(2)resuming straight flight;

(3)faults in the turn;

(4)climbing turns;

(5)descending turns;

(6)turns to selected headings: use of gyro heading indicator and compass;

(7)use of instruments for precision.

(b)Air exercise

(1)faults in the turn and correction techniques;

(2)climbing turns;

(3)descending turns.

EXERCISE 11: HOVERING

(a)Long briefing objectives: hovering manoeuvres (as applicable).

(b)Air exercise: hovering manoeuvres (as applicable).

EXERCISE 12: APPROACH AND LANDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds;

(2)landing with different static heaviness;

(3)missed approach and go-around procedures;

(4)noise abatement procedures.

(b)Air exercise

(1)a landing with different static heaviness;

(2)missed approach and go-around procedures.

EXERCISE 12e: EMERGENCIES

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)aborted approach or go-around;

(2)malfunction of thrust vector control;

(3)envelope emergencies;

(4)fire emergencies;

(5)aerodynamic control failures;

(6)electrical and system failures.

(b)Air exercise: emergency drills and actions.

EXERCISE 13: PRECAUTIONARY LANDING

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)occasions necessitating a precautionary landing;

(2)in-flight conditions;

(3)landing area selection;

(4)circuit and approach.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)how to perform the landing area selection;

(2)circuit and approach.

EXERCISE 14a: NAVIGATION

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)how to do the flight planning;

(2)departure for a navigation flight;

(3)in-flight navigational techniques;

(4)arrival and aerodrome joining procedures;

(b)Air exercise:

(1)complete flight planning of a navigation flight;

(2)departure for a navigation flight;

(3)in-flight navigational techniques;

(4)arrival and aerodrome joining procedures.

EXERCISE 14b: NAVIGATION AT LOWER LEVELS AND IN REDUCED VISIBILITY

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)actions before descending;

(2)possible hazards (for example obstacles and terrain) and actions;

(3)student difficulties of map reading;

(4)effects of winds, turbulence and precipitation;

(5)vertical situational awareness;

(6)avoidance of noise sensitive areas;

(7)joining the circuit;

(8)bad weather circuit and landing.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)actions before descending;

(2)map reading techniques;

(3)vertical situational awareness;

(4)avoidance of noise sensitive areas;

(5)joining the circuit;

(6)bad weather circuit and landing.

EXERCISE 14c: RADIO NAVIGATION

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)use of VOR;

(2)use of ADF equipment;

(3)use of NDB stations;

(4)use of VHF/DF;

(5)use of en-route or terminal radar;

(6)use of DME equipment.

(b)Air exercise

(1)use of navaids;

(2)procedure to deal with uncertainty of position.

EXERCISE 15: BASIC INSTRUMENT FLIGHT

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)physiological sensations;

(2)instrument appreciation;

(3)attitude instrument flight;

(4)instrument scan;

(5)instrument limitations;

(6)basic manoeuvres by sole reference to the instruments:

(i)straight and level;

(ii)climbing and descending;

(iii)turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings;

(iv)recoveries from climbing and descending turns.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)attitude instrument flight and instrument scan;

(2)the basic manoeuvres:

(i)straight and level;

(ii)climbing and descending;

(iii)turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings;

(iv)recoveries from climbing and descending turns.

EXERCISE 16: NIGHT FLYING (if night instructional qualification required)

(a)Long briefing objectives:

(1)medical and physiological aspects of night vision;

(2)requirement for torch to be carried (pre-flight inspection, etc.);

(3)use of the landing light;

(4)ground manoeuvring procedures at night;

(5)night take-off procedure;

(6)cockpit procedures at night;

(7)approach techniques;

(8)night landing techniques

(9)emergency procedures at night;

(10)navigation principles at night.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)use of landing light;

(2)night ground manoeuvring;

(3)night take-off, circuit or approach and landing (including use of landing light).

D. Gyroplanes

Part 2

AIR EXERCISES

(a)The air exercises are similar to those used for the GPL training, but with additional items designed to cover the needs of an FI.

(b)The numbering of exercises should be used primarily for reference and as a broad instructional sequencing guide; therefore, the demonstrations and practice need not necessarily occur in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend on the following interrelated factors:

(1)the applicant’s progress and ability,

(2)the weather conditions affecting the flight,

(3)the flight time available,

(4)instructional technique considerations,

(5)the local operating environment,

(6)the applicability of the exercises to the type of gyroplane used.

(c)It follows that student instructors will eventually encounter similar interrelated factors. They should be shown and taught how to construct flight lesson plans, taking these factors into account, to enable them to make the best use of each flight lesson, combining parts of different exercises as necessary.

GENERAL

(d)The briefing normally includes a statement of the objectives and, only if relevant, a brief reference to the principles of flight. An explanation is to be given of exactly what air exercises are to be taught by the instructor and practised by the student during the flight.

The explanation should include how the flight will be conducted, who is to fly the gyroplane and what aspects of airmanship, weather and flight safety will apply. The nature of the lesson will govern the order in which its parts are to be taught.

(e)The four basic components of the briefing should be:

(1)the aim;

(2)the principles of flight (only the briefest of references);

(3)the air exercise(s) (what will be carried out, how and by whom);

(4)airmanship (weather, flight safety, etc.).

PLANNING OF FLIGHT LESSONS

(f)The preparation of lesson plans is a prerequisite of good instruction and the student instructor is to be given supervised practice in the planning and practical application of flight lesson plans.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

(g)The student instructor should complete flight training to practise the principles of basic instruction at the GPL level.

(h)During this training, except when acting as a student pilot for mutual flights, the student instructor should occupy the seat that is normally occupied by the FI(G).

(i)It is to be noted that airmanship and lookout are vital components of all flight operations. Therefore, in the following air exercises, the relevant aspects of airmanship are to be highlighted at all times.

(j)If the privileges of the FI(G) are to include instruction for night flying, Exercise 39 of the flight instruction syllabus, in addition to being completed by day, should be completed at night, either as part of the course or subsequent to the issuing of the instructor certificate.

(k)The student instructor should learn how to identify common errors and how to correct them properly, which should be highlighted at all times.

(l)The student instructor should be trained to keep in mind that, wherever possible, flight simulation should be used to demonstrate to student pilots the effects of flight into a DVE and to enhance their understanding of and need to avoid this potentially fatal flight regime.

(m)The student instructor should attain flying skills that allow them to recover from student errors and land safely in the event of actual engine failure during training.

These include:

(1)conducting precision forced landings from above the landing point when flying into wind (360-degree turn) and downwind (180-degree turn);

(2)implementing precision powered approaches at a slower-than-normal approach speed to land with very little ground roll in a small area;

(3)taking off and air-taxiing at the slowest speed possible (with accurate control at the slow end of the flight envelope of the gyroplane);

(4)flying and landing dead stick;

(5)taking off and flying in strong winds and crosswinds close to the approved limits of the particular gyroplane model;

(6)performing advanced rotor handling on the ground, to include building up rotor rpm from a slow rotor speed using airflow and slowing down a rotor in relatively strong winds without the aid of a rotor brake;

(7)safely entering each of the unusual attitude manoeuvres and knowing the safe flight limits of each attitude;

(8)rounding out significantly high with low airspeed and being able to safely recover to land;

(9)taking off and climbing with insufficient airspeed approaching the edges of the ‘do not fly’ region of the height/velocity curve and recovering to land;

(10)taking off with limited power to demonstrate to a student what limited power take-offs feel like.

CONTENTS OF THE FLIGHT INSTRUCTION SYLLABUS

IMPORTANT: Where the student instructor holds an instructor certificate for fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters, sufficient time must be allocated to and significant emphasis must be placed on the differences between a gyroplane and other types of aircraft. This applies to the flight envelope, the coordination of controls and instructional techniques, as often the differences can appear similar but are actually not. Flight instructors’ knowledge and skills related to aeroplanes or helicopters cannot automatically be transferred to flying/instructing in a gyroplane.

LONG BRIEFINGS AND AIR EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE GYROPLANE

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)safety considerations around an airfield;

(2)introduction to the gyroplane;

(3)key differences between a gyroplane and a helicopter;

(4)key differences between a gyroplane and a fixed-wing aircraft;

(5)key differences between a gyroplane and a delta-wing aircraft;

(6)initial preparation for the introductory flight:

(i)fitness of pilot/passenger to fly,

(ii)importance of lookout,

(iii)in-cockpit communication (standby, traffic, repeat instructions),

(iv)explanation of the cockpit’s layout,

(v)internal and external checks before flight,

(vi)suitability of weather for introductory flight,

(vii)flight content (handover of controls);

(7)passenger safety brief and emergency routines;

(8)differences when occupying the instructor’s seat.

Note: Items (a)(3) to (5) are particularly important, as a significant number of student pilots will have experience with fixed-wing aircraft and/or helicopters. Due consideration must be given to the differences.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)Appropriate demonstrations and hands-on control related to the previous experience and expectations of the student pilot.

EXERCISE 2: BASIC SKILLS 1 – LOOKOUT, SPEED AND DIRECTION

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the six basic skills of flying: lookout, speed, direction, trim, height and balance;

(2)the primary controls, instruments and the gyroplane cockpit;

(3)straight and level cruise flight: attitude and visual references;

(4)the lookout technique;

(5)the stick and the axes of rotation: pitch and roll;

(6)maintain correct and constant airspeed, using the ASI;

(7)changing direction, and the limited angle of bank;

(8)recap of in-cockpit communication: who has control, standby and repeat instructions.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)lookout technique and what to say when traffic is seen;

(2)straight and level flight, determining the attitude of the gyroplane;

(3)handover of control (procedure);

(4)sensitivity of the stick and boundaries for pitching-up/-down and rolling left/right in early exercises;

(5)the technique for glancing at the instruments during lookout, and how to interpret the ASI;

(6)the procedure for holding a constant chosen speed (limited speed ranges suitable for training exercises);

(7)gentle turns to follow features (with no requirement for additional power);

(8)the importance of being relaxed when flying and building situational awareness.

EXERCISE 3: BASIC SKILLS 2 – TRIM, HEIGHT AND BALANCE

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)pitch and roll trim: principles and how it works (as applicable to a given gyroplane model);

(2)use of the throttle to adjust height: terminology, and idle/max/cruise power;

(3)use of the pedals to adjust balance, and explanation of flying in balance and yaw;

(4)the danger of over-controlling: avoiding pilot-induced oscillation;

(5)reinforcement of where a student should be looking when flying.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)trimming the gyroplane;

(2)interpreting the altimeter and the vertical speed indicator;

(3)gentle adjustment of height using the throttle;

(4)interpreting the balance indicator;

(5)use of the pedals to keep the gyroplane in balance.

EXERCISE 4: START-UP, TAXIING AND SHUTDOWN

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)introduction to risk mitigation using threat and error management;

(2)pre-flight planning:

(i)pilot and passenger preparation;

(A)IMSAFE (illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, eaten);

(ii)aircraft preparation;

(A)check of aircraft documentation and maintenance status,

(B)daily inspection in accordance with the AFM,

(C)checks before flight in accordance with the AFM,

(D)harness and rudder pedal adjustments;

(iii)preparation for weather;

(A)interpreting weather forecasts,

(B)interpreting weather by looking from the airfield,

(C)personal weather limits;

(iv)flight content preparation;

(A)NOTAMs,

(B)fuel planning,

(C)mass and balance,

(D)maps and in-flight navigation equipment;

(iv)external factors and pressures that add risks to the flight;

(3)terminology relating to an airfield;

(4)ground handling of a gyroplane;

(5)pre-start checks and starting the engine;

(6)taxi procedure, and additional checks on initial taxi and turning in confined spaces;

(7)warming the engine and engine checks before the flight;

(8)pre-runway procedure;

(9)post-runway procedure;

(10)engine shutdown procedure;

(11)after-flight actions, including security and tie-down;

(12)end-of-day actions.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)emergency actions should someone approach the gyroplane with the engine running;

(2)pre-start and start-up procedure;

(3)initial taxi and general taxi procedure (with rotor stationary);

(4)use of RT when the gyroplane is on the ground;

(5)engine power checks;

(6)pre-runway actions;

(7)actions to be taken after the runway has been vacated;

(8)engine shutdown procedure.

Note: The student instructor should be taught to introduce the concept of this exercise in parallel with Exercises 5–25. The topics should be introduced incrementally in line with the student pilot’s workload.

EXERCISE 5: UNDERSTANDING POWER CHANGES

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)energy management in a gyroplane:

(i)fuel (engine rpm),

(ii)airspeed (kinetic),

(iii)height (potential),

(iv)rotor energy (stored);

(2)the effect of mass, weather and rotor/propeller cleanliness on the gyroplane’s performance;

(3)introduction to the power curve, and engine rpm requirements for different cruise speeds;

(4)the effect of propeller slipstream on yaw/balance;

(5)the effect of engine roll on torque;

(6)the effect of power change on pitch and how this effect is related to the CG;

(7)the need to coordinate stick and pedal with throttle changes to maintain speed, a disc level-attitude and balance.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)establish the datum cruise power for a given speed on a given day;

(2)build muscle memory:

(i)set key throttle positions by sound and feel,

(ii)maintain balance with power changes,

(iii)maintain a disc-level attitude with power changes,

(iv)make trim adjustments with power changes to achieve a constant speed;

(3)transition to the climb at a constant speed, in balance and trim, and climb attitude;

(4)transition to the descent at a constant speed, in balance and trim, and descent attitude;

(5)level out from a climb/descent at a constant speed, in balance and trim. Note: During these exercises, student pilots should transition from reacting to instruments (when controls are moved individually) to pre-empting the consequential actions in roll, pitch and yaw as power is (significantly) adjusted.

EXERCISE 6: COORDINATED MEDIUM-LEVEL TURNS

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the forces in a turn;

(2)the procedure for conducting a level turn, maintaining speed and balance;

(3)the limitations of a compass during a turn.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)reinforcement of lookout in a turn;

(2)medium-level turns left and right at a constant speed, maintaining balance;

(3)turning to a given compass heading.

EXERCISE 7: CORRECTING FOR WIND

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)wind terminology;

(2)airspeed and ground speed;

(3)drift angle and wind correction angle;

(4)the difference between track and heading;

(5)the technique for flying a straight track in a crosswind;

(6)how to determine the direction of the wind during flight.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)determine wind signals from visual clues;

(2)determine an appropriate wind correction angle to fly in a straight track, disc level, and in balance.

Note: This exercise will almost certainly be briefed/flown out of sequence, as it requires appropriate wind conditions.

EXERCISE 8: ACCURATE HEIGHT AND SPEED

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the relationship between energy, height and speed;

(2)the technique for fine-tuning flying at an accurate height;

(3)consolidation of coordinated control movements for adjusting speed, height and direction.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)maintaining height in particularly challenging thermic conditions;

(2)making fine adjustments to controls to achieve accurate flying.

Note: This exercise does not introduce new exercises but reinforces the need for accurate flying (lookout/speed/direction/trim/height/balance), as it will be required in the circuit pattern, particularly coordinating controls and taking into account lift and sink conditions.

EXERCISE 9: CLIMBING AND DESCENDING PERFORMANCE

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the effect of power on the rate of climbing and descent;

(2)the effect of airspeed on the rate of climbing and descent;

(3)the procedure for climbing and levelling out;

(4)the procedure for descending and levelling out;

(5)the technique for accurately levelling out at a given altitude.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)full-power climbs at a constant speed;

(2)level out from a full-power climb at a given altitude, with accurate level, speed and balance;

(3)idle-power descents at a constant speed;

(4)level out from an idle-power descent at a given altitude, with accurate level, speed and balance;

(5)smooth transition from a high-power climb to a low-power descent, maintaining speed and balance throughout;

(6)smooth transition from a low-power descent to a high-power climb maintaining speed and balance throughout.

EXERCISE 10: CLIMBING AND DESCENDING TURNS

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)reinforce the differences in pedal coordination for balance when turning left and right with high power (climbing turns) and low power (idle-power descents);

(2)the effect of the angle of bank on the rate of climb and descent.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)conduct level turns, then initiate a climbing turn and level out while maintaining the turn;

(2)conduct level turns, then initiate a descending turn and level out while maintaining the turn;

(3)conduct a straight high-power climb, then introduce a turn and continue on initial heading;

(4)conduct a straight idle descent, then introduce a turn and continue on initial heading.

Note: Turns should be practised both to the left and to the right. They should be 360°, with a constant speed and balance maintained throughout.

EXERCISE 11: SIGNIFICANT SPEED CHANGES AND FAST FLIGHT

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the procedure for making changes to speed, with significant acceleration and deceleration:

(i)acceleration attitude,

(ii)deceleration attitude;

(2)fast flight:

(i)consequences of exceeding VNE,

(ii)differences in control responsiveness,

(iii)differences in vibration at speed.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)significant acceleration from cruise to fast flight, maintaining a constant height and balance;

(2)significant deceleration from fast flight to cruise, maintaining a constant height and balance;

(3)gentle turns at fast flight, maintaining a constant height and speed.

Note: A fast flight is considered to be at a speed at which a constant altitude can be maintained with the power close to maximum continuous. Care must be taken to never allow the student to exceed VNE.

EXERCISE 12: FLYING THE CIRCUIT PATTERN

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the terminology associated with the circuit pattern;

(2)considerations when flying the circuit pattern:

(i)high density of other traffic,

(ii)maintaining suitable separation from other aircraft;

(3)pre-landing checks:

(i)pilot/passenger security,

(ii)aircraft configured as per flight manual,

(iii)wind check (correct runway, type of landing),

(iv)flight situational awareness;

(4)final approach and positioning for landing;

(5)the go-around procedure;

(6)use of RT in the circuit pattern.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)flying the circuit pattern, while maintaining good situational awareness;

(2)performing go-around at 300 ft above the runway;

(3)conducting pre-landing checks;

(4)using RT, as appropriate for the airfield.

Note: This exercise is likely to be flown in parallel with the previous lessons, as training flights return to the airfield after the general handling exercises.

EXERCISE 13: ACTIVE ROTOR MANAGEMENT

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)performing active rotor handling, and taxiing with rotor turning;

(2)starting the rotor prior to take-off (pre-rotation);

(3)setting off and building rotor speed using airflow:

(i)the need for an initial power setting that is unlikely to be full power,

(ii)stick forces during take-off,

(iii)importance of bringing stick back before applying significant power;

(4)the wheel balance attitude;

(5)stopping the rotor after landing;

(6)what to do when the rotor rpm falls below the critical threshold.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)recap the lining-up procedure;

(2)pre-rotation and setting-off procedure;

(3)maintaining directional control during rotor speed acceleration;

(4)understanding how stick forces change during take-off;

(5)understanding the reduction in rotor acceleration with a forward stick position;

(6)the importance of monitoring rotor rpm until the safe rotor RPM for take-off has been achieved ;

(7)establishing the wheel balance attitude;

(8)stopping the gyroplane:

(i)use of the rotor disc to slow down the gyroplane,

(ii)stick position after stopping,

(iii)when it is appropriate to use the wheel brake;

(9)taxiing with rotor turning, with stick positioned in relation to the wind.

EXERCISE 14: TAKE-OFF – WIND ON THE RUNWAY HEADING

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)critical checks immediately prior to commencing take-off:

(i)passenger/pilot ready for take-off,

(ii)aircraft engine final check,

(iii)wind direction (checking if it is still as required),

(iv)runway clear and crosswind clear;

(2)the gyroplane ‘lift/unstick’ from the runway;

(3)the height/velocity curve and the need to remain close to the ground during airspeed build-up;

(4)stick forces and the need to trim during airspeed build-up;

(5)the low-hops flight profile, flying at a height of approximately 1 m;

(6)the high-hops flight profile, flying at a height of approximately 50 m;

(7)landing ahead and rejecting take-offs.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)student lift and airspeed acceleration:

(i)with the instructor transitioning to a landing on the remaining runway,

(ii)with the student transitioning to a landing on the remaining runway,

(iii)low hop on cruise power, with student landing on the remaining runway,

(iv)high hop, with student landing on remaining runway;

(2)take-off and climb-out;

(3)checks when climbing through 300 ft;

(i)passenger check (especially in tandem gyroplanes),

(ii)aircraft performance check,

(iii)weather check (clear of obstructions),

(iv)flight path and situational awareness.

Note: It is vital that the student learn to remain in control throughout take-off and is comfortable to land ahead before continuing with the climb-out. Rejecting take-offs should be trained until the student is capable of rejecting a take-off safely; otherwise, pilots will favour climbing out in situations that should be aborted for safety reasons.

EXERCISE 15: TAKE OFF – DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)crosswind considerations;

(2)rough ground considerations;

(3)take-off performance:

(i)factors affecting take-off performance,

(ii)acceptable method for maximising take-off performance:

(A)higher pre-rotation,

(B)quicker application of high power;

(iii)noting a ground reference feature as a take-off abortion point;

(iv)the danger of climbing out with insufficient airspeed to clear an obstacle – ‘fools confidence’, a significant contributing factor to gyroplane accidents;

(v)noting that there is no additional short-field take-off technique in a gyroplane.

(4)strong wind considerations;

(5)slope considerations;

(6)immediate-departure take-offs, pre-rotating prior to lining up.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)take-off with a crosswind from the left;

(2)take-off with a crosswind from the right;

(3)take-off in strong winds;

(4)rough-ground take-off technique;

(5)immediate-departure take-off technique;

(6)emulating take-off with poor performance characteristics (see Note 1).

Note 1: This exercise is conducted to allow the student to feel what the gyroplane will do when there is insufficient power to climb out safely. The purpose is to teach the student to recognise the problem and make the decision to land ahead.

Note 2: This exercise will be flown across different days, as it requires different wind conditions that are extremely unlikely to happen on a single day and in sequence. If, in the absence of particular wind conditions, take-offs in certain wind conditions cannot be trained, the relevant parts of this exercise should be covered in an extensive briefing between the student and instructor during this exercise and during Exercise 17.

EXERCISE 16: LANDING – WIND ON THE RUNWAY HEADING

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the basics of the approach to landing;

(2)checks when descending through 300 ft:

(i)passenger standby;

(ii)aircraft settled, at a constant power and airspeed;

(iii)wind – prepare to anticipate drift;

(iv)is runway clear or should a go-around procedure be initiated;

(3)use of controls during landing:

(i)throttle, to control rate of descent and angle of descent;

(ii)fore/aft stick, to control airspeed;

(iii)left/right stick, to control position over the ground;

(iv)pedals, to align the wheels with the runway direction;

(4)extension of the touchdown point to be close to a runway exit point;

(5)recovery from an inadvertent increase in height during the final stages of landing caused by gusting winds or the incorrect movement of controls;

(6)consideration of the approach profile in relation to other traffic that may not be familiar with the descent profiles available in a gyroplane flight envelope.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)approaching with a nominated reference point;

(i)go-around at 300 ft, with a constant airspeed;

(ii)descent through 300 ft and conduct of appropriate checks;

(A)go-around with a constant airspeed at a height as low as the student is comfortable,

(B)continuation of practice until the student pilot is comfortable with flying a few feet above the runway;

(2)when the student is comfortable at flying a few feet above the runway, landing ahead;

(3)flying the approach with different power settings, including idle power.

Note: The instructor should avoid asking the student to go around at specific heights below 300 ft, so that the student concentrate on judging the height above the ground visually and not with reference to the altimeter.

EXERCISE 17: LANDING – DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)considerations when landing in crosswinds, and the use of the ‘split angle’ technique;

(2)considerations when landing in light winds or no wind;

(3)the significant hazards of attempting to land downwind due to the rotor disc;

(4)considerations when landing in strong winds;

(5)considerations when landing on soft or uneven ground.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)landing in a crosswind from the right;

(2)landing in a crosswind from the left;

(3)landing in no wind or in light winds;

(4)landing in strong winds, close to the runway heading;

(5)landing in strong crosswinds, opting to land cross-runway into the wind;

(6)landing on soft or uneven ground.

EXERCISE 18: PRECISION LANDING

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the technique for performing a precision landing (power available);

(2)the importance of maintaining airspeed until immediately prior to touchdown.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)high-power approach, with a shallow approach angle;

(2)low-power approach, with a steep approach angle;

(3)approach and landing, simulating a short field.

EXERCISE 19: PRECISION LANDING – IDLE POWER

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the technique for performing a precision landing (with idle power or no power available) using a close-in base leg and altering the radius of the final turn to get to the correct landing area;

(2)the importance of maintaining sufficient airspeed when close to the ground.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)use of glide approaches to touch down at given points on the runway:

(i)straight-in approach,

(ii)single turn from the base leg,

(iii)descending turns in a figure-of-eight pattern perpendicular to the runway heading, with balance maintained throughout.

EXERCISE 20: DEPARTING AND ARRIVING AT AIRFIELDS

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)procedure when departing from an airfield;

(2)procedure when arriving at an airfield;

(3)airfield joining techniques:

(i)overhead join,

(ii)joining from the dead side of the airfield,

(iii)joining from the live side of the airfield.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)departing from the airfield;

(2)arriving from the airfield;

(3)joining procedures appropriate to the airfield.

Note: This exercise may be included in parallel with any other exercises that are flown involving flying outside the airfield aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) as student workload permits.

EXERCISE 21: SLOW FLIGHT AT A CONSTANT ALTITUDE (HELICOPTER MODE)

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the backside of the power curve and behind the power curve;

(2)HASEL checks before unusual manoeuvres;

(3)the technique for slow flight;

(4)how to fly stationary, at altitude, in relation to a ground reference (into wind).

(b)Air exercises:

(1)HASEL checks;

(2)slow flight into the wind;

(3)slow flight downwind;

(4)how to fly stationary in reference to a ground feature.

Note: The term ‘helicopter mode’ is a turn of phrase used to indicate that a gyroplane has slow flight characteristics that are consistent with light helicopters and outside the flight envelope of fixed-wing aircraft. These exercises are all flown at a safe altitude.

EXERCISE 22: FLIGHT AT MINIMUM AIRSPEED ON IDLE POWER (PARACHUTE MODE)

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the technique for establishing slow flight on idle power;

(2)the importance of maintaining airflow over the rudder to avoid loss of control;

(3)the technique for regaining airspeed with minimum height loss when power is available;

(4)the technique for regaining airspeed with minimum height loss when power is not available;

(5)the tendency of a gyroplane to rotate around its vertical axis if rudder authority is lost due to the dissymmetry of propeller thrust when there is a high rate of descent and power is idle;

(6)the recovery technique if the gyroplane starts to enter a rotation around its vertical axis.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)initiate a descent on idle power at an airspeed close to the minimum airspeed possible for the model of gyroplane used while maintaining rudder authority;

(2)recover from the slow-airspeed descent, with minimum height loss:

(i)with power available,

(ii)when no power is available,

(3)instructor demo: demonstration of inadvertent entry into loss of rudder authority, with the student being responsible for recovery.

Note: The term ‘parachute mode’ is a turn of phrase used to indicate that a gyroplane has the capability to descend in a controlled manner at very low airspeed when power is not available. This is not dissimilar to a parachute. This is a key concept used in emergency handling. These exercises are all flown at a safe altitude.

EXERCISE 23: GROUND REFERENCE TURNS

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)reminder of importance of throttle and pedal coordination during turns to maintain height and balance;

(2)high-bank-angle turns;

(3)the technique for turning around a ground reference feature at a constant radius to counter the effect of wind.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)high-bank-angle turns to the left and to the right;

(2)turning around a ground reference feature with significant wind:

(i)360-degree turns around the feature (both left and right),

(ii)changing direction of the turn,

(iii)flying an S shape with a constant radius along a line feature (180-degree turns).

EXERCISE 24: UNUSUAL ATTITUDES

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)why unusual attitudes occur – distraction and fixation ;

(2)recognising unusual attitudes;

(3)the technique for recovering from unusual attitude;

(4)unusual attitude recovery exercises.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)reminder of HASEL checks;

(2)distracted, head inside the cockpit:

(i)recovery from a sudden pull-up in pitch;

(ii)recovery from a powered descent towards VNE;

(3)fixated, with head outside the cockpit, looking at the ground:

(i)recovery from slow-airspeed spiral descent, turning with the pedals;

(ii)recovery from a fast-airspeed spiral descent, close to VNE.

Note: Unusual attitudes are created by the instructor and recovered by the student.

EXERCISE 25: LOW FLYING

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the legal requirements related to low flying;

(i)minimum height;

(ii)land clear;

(iii)noise and nuisance considerations;

(2)the hazards related to low flying:

(i)the influence of the wind on low flying (speed perception, low-level turbulence);

(ii)terrain, wires, masts and cables;

(iii)effect on radio communication;

(iv)the difficulties of map reading;

(3)the pilot’s limitations in relation to recovering from an emergency associated with low flying;

(4)reduced-visibility flying:

(i)vertical situational awareness;

(ii)circuit joining, circuit flying and landing in bad weather / at low level.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)flying low, with a suitable safety margin, to demonstrate how significantly reduced the margin or error is at low height;

(2)analysing:

(i)the difficulty in seeing wires and masts,

(ii)loss of line-of-sight radio communications,

(iii)lack of time in the event of an engine failure,

(iv)noise and nuisance implications.

EXERCISE 26: CONSOLIDATION AND EN ROUTE AIRMANSHIP

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)consolidation of the pre-flight planning process;

(2)en route checks:

(i)pilot and passenger (stress, hunger, illness, tiredness),

(ii)aircraft (vibrations, engine, fuel),

(iii)weather (as expected/forecast, escape route),

(iv)flight situational awareness (location, airspace, radio).

(b)Air exercise:

(1)en route checks.

Note: The flying element of this exercise is incorporated into other general handling flights as student workload permits. The pre-flight planning aspects of this exercise are likely to be included in parallel with all previous flights. This exercise exists to highlight that the complete pre-flight planning process should be competently carried out by the student by this point in the syllabus.

EXERCISE 27: IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCIES

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)preparing for emergencies:

(i)possible emergency scenarios:

(A)pilot/passenger,

(B)aircraft,

(C)weather related,

(D)flight related;

(ii)categories of emergencies;

(A)aircraft is still flying,

(B)precautionary landing required,

(C)forced landing required,

(D)catastrophic;

(iii)how threat and error management reduces the likelihood of incidents;

(iv)standard emergency procedures:

(A)trim failure / trim runaway,

(B)throttle/stick/pedal control failure,

(C)systems failure,

(D)electrical/fuel fire,

(E)emergency evacuation;

(v)ensuring that a catastrophic failure is mitigated;

(vi)emergency RT calls.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)simulated fire in the air;

(2)simulated fire on the ground;

(3)simulated bird strike or sudden noise;

(4)simulated violent shaking of the gyroplane;

(5)simulated limited engine power (slightly below the power required to maintain a constant altitude);

(6)simulated trim failure (where applicable):

(i)excessive rear trim,

(ii)excessive forward trim,

(iii)excessive roll trim;

(7)simulated rudder control failure;

(8)simulated stick failure;

(9)simulated throttle stuck on high power.

EXERCISE 28: PRECAUTIONARY LANDING

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)awareness that poor in-flight planning during a precautionary landing increases the risk of accidents;

(2)reasons for making a precautionary field landing;

(3)criteria for the selection of an ideal field for landing;

(4)precautionary landing technique.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)surveying of field suitability for precautionary landing;

(2)simulating the reasons for a precautionary landing;

(3)practising the approach to precautionary landings.

EXERCISE 29: FORCED LANDING

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the phraseology that should be used when simulating forced landings;

(2)recap of the skills already learned that are needed to make forced landings;

(i)Exercise 7: always being aware of the wind direction;

(ii)Exercise 10: descending turns on idle power;

(iii)Exercise 19: glide approaches;

(iv)Exercise 22: slow flight on idle power (parachute mode);

(v)Exercise 25: hazards of low-level flying;

(vi)Exercise 28: selection of field for landing;

(3)options for positioning for the field, over 300 ft AGL;

(4)options for positioning for the field, less than 300 ft AGL;

(5)flying defensively, thinking ahead for landing areas, in relation to the wind direction.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)preselected fields and starting position:

(i)use slower-than-normal cruising speed to position at a key point on the field,

(ii)fly a path at the correct airspeed for landing on the field,

(iii)go around at an appropriate height;

(2)simulated restart in flight;

(3)simulated emergency RT calls;

(4)simulated forced landings, without prior notice;

(5)fly the routes defensively, verbalising options in the event of a forced landing.

EXERCISE 30: FORCED LANDING AROUND THE AIRFIELD

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)engine failure on take-off:

(i)when still on the ground,

(ii)during the airspeed build-up phase,

(iii)during the climb-out;

(2)preparing for engine failures around the circuit pattern:

(i)crosswind,

(ii)downwind,

(iii)base leg,

(iv)final approach.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)recap of the aborted take-off technique;

(2)simulated engine failure:

(i)as the gyroplane is lifting,

(ii)during the airspeed build-up phase,

(iii)during climb-out,

(iv)crosswind,

(v)downwind,

(vi)base leg;

(vii)final approach (when it is not possible to reach the runway).

Note: When simulating engine failure in the circuit pattern, the emphasis should be on ensuring the proper initial reaction by the student pilot. It is not so important to continue at a low level, as low flying, this is likely to be restricted due to noise abatement procedures.

EXERCISE 31: PRE-SOLO CHECK FLIGHT

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)prerequisites for the first solo flight.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)simulated first solo flight (no hands-on control from the instructor unless required to save the aircraft from an incident).

EXERCISE 32: FIRST SOLO FLIGHT

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)differences in power requirements when flying solo;

(2)differences in handling characteristics when flying solo;

(3)what to do if the airfield closes during solo flight, including procedures for navigating and landing at an alternate airfield.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)first solo flight.

EXERCISE 33: SOLO CONSOLIDATION

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)readiness for solo flight:

(i)personal weather criteria;

(ii)decision-making by the student pilot, to be confirmed by the instructor;

(iii)only flying in accordance with the brief unless safety is compromised.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)solo flight in the local area, with exercises determined by the instructor.

EXERCISE 34: EN ROUTE NAVIGATION

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)pre-flight planning for cross-country flights;

(2)considerations when flying a route;

(3)weather deterioration;

(4)procedure to take when unsure of position;

(5)dead reckoning;

(6)flying with GNSS;

(7)en route RT.

(b)Air exercises:

(1)flying planned routes at the discretion of the instructor;

(2)flying a simulated inadvertent entry into IMC.

EXERCISE 35: LANDING OUT

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)pre-flight planning when landing at different airfields.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)landing at different airfields at the discretion of the flight instructor.

EXERCISE 36: SOLO NAVIGATION

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)always flying to plan unless safety is compromised.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)flying planned routes solo at the discretion of the flight instructor.

EXERCISE 37: QUALIFYING FOR CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)prerequisites for qualifying for cross-country flight.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)flying to qualify for cross-country flight.

EXERCISE 38: PREPARING FOR THE SKILL TEST

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)the content of the skill test.

(b)Air exercise:

(1)flying the skill test programme.

EXERCISE 39: NIGHT FLYING (if night instructional qualification is required)

(a)Long-briefing objectives:

(1)VMC minima at night;

(2)rules about airspace control at night and facilities available;

(3)rules about aerodrome grounds, runways, landing sites and obstruction lighting;

(4)aircraft navigation lights and collision avoidance rules;

(5)physiological aspects of night vision and orientation;

(6)dangers of disorientation at night;

(7)dangers of weather deterioration at night;

(8)instrument systems or functions and errors;

(9)instrument lighting and emergency cockpit lighting systems;

(10)map marking for use under cockpit lighting;

(11)principles of practical navigation;

(12)principles of electronic navigation aid;

(13)planning and use of safety altitude;

(14)danger due to icing conditions, and avoidance and escape manoeuvres.

(b)Air exercises

(1)Dual instruction solely by reference to instruments simulating inadvertent entry into IMC:

(i)interpretation and use of the EFIS;

(ii)straight and level flight;

(iii)rate-1 turns (left and right);

(iv)turns to specific headings;

(v)maintaining a heading for a significant period;

(vi)standard climbs to specific altitudes;

(vii)standard descents to specific altitudes;

(viii)glide descents;

(ix)maintaining trim and balance;

(x)unusual attitudes:

(A)nose high and banked,

(B)nose low and banked;

(xi)emergencies:

(A)initial response when inadvertently entering IMC,

(B)simulated engine failure in flight;

(2)flying by night:

(i)standard night flying:

(A)circuit flying at night,

(B)navigating to a specified location;

(ii)emergencies:

(A)initial response when inadvertently entering IMC,

(B)simulated engine failure in flight (initial actions only);

(iii)unusual attitudes at night:

(A)nose high and banked,

(B)nose low and banked.

AMC · AMC1 FCL.930.FI — Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 · Aircrew Easy Access Rules · EAR revision 25 Nov 2025

FCL.930.FIFI – Training course

AMC1 FCL.930.FIFI Training course