--- title: "GM2 Annex I Definitions — ANNEX I – Definitions, Air OPS · Avioverse" description: "ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS The following abbreviations are used in the Annexes to this Regulation:" url: "https://avioverse.aero/regulations/easa/air-ops/definitions/powers-and-recitals/gm2-annex-i-definitions" --- # GM2 Annex I Definitions ANNEX I – Definitions · Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 · EAR revision 27 Mar 2026 GM Guidance material ## GM2 Annex I Definitions ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS The following abbreviations are used in the Annexes to this Regulation: | 2D | two-dimensional | | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | 3D | three-dimensional | | A | [aeroplane](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/aeroplane) | | a/c | [aircraft](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/aircraft) | | AAC | aeronautical administrative communications | | AAIM | aircraft autonomous integrity monitoring | | AAL | above aerodrome level | | ABAS | aircraft-based augmentation system | | AC | advisory circular | | AC | alternating current | | ACAS | airborne collision avoidance system | | ADF | automatic direction finder | | ADG | air driven generator | | ADS | automatic dependent surveillance | | ADS-B | automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast | | ADS-C | automatic dependent surveillance - contract | | AEA | Association of European Airlines | | AEO | all-engines-operative | | AFFF | aqueous film forming foams | | AFM | aircraft flight manual | | AFN | aircraft flight notification | | AFN | ATS facilities notification | | AGL | above ground level | | AHRS | attitude heading reference system | | AIREP | air-report | | AIS | aeronautical information service | | ALAP | aerodrome landing analysis programme | | ALARP | as low as reasonably practicable | | ALD | actual landing distance | | ALSF | approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights | | AMC | Acceptable Means of Compliance | | AML | aircraft maintenance licence | | AMSL | above mean sea level | | ANP | actual navigation performance | | AOC | aeronautical [operational control](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/operational-control) | | AOC | air operator certificate | | APCH | approach | | APP | approach | | APU | auxiliary power unit | | APV | approach procedure with vertical guidance | | AR | authorisation required | | ARA | airborne radar approach | | ARA | Authority Requirements for Aircrew | | A-RNP | advanced required navigation performance | | ARO | Authority Requirements for Air Operations | | ARP | Aerospace Recommended Practices | | ASC | Air Safety Committee | | ASDA | accelerate-stop distance available | | ASE | altimeter system error | | ATA | Air Transport Association | | ATC | air traffic control | | ATIS | automatic terminal information service | | ATN | air traffic navigation | | ATPL | airline transport pilot licence | | ATQP | alternative training and qualification programme | | ATS | air traffic services | | ATSC | air traffic service communication | | AVGAS | aviation gasoline | | AVTAG | aviation turbine gasoline (wide-cut fuel) | | AWO | all weather operations | | BALS | basic approach lighting system | | Baro VNAV | barometric VNAV | | BCAR | British civil airworthiness requirements | | BITD | basic instrument training device | | CAP | controller access parameters | | CAT | commercial air transport | | CAT I / II / III | category I / II / III | | CBT | computer-based training | | CC | cabin crew | | CDFA | continuous descent final approach | | CDL | configuration deviation list | | CFIT | controlled flight into terrain | | CG | centre of gravity | | CLB | climb | | CM | context management | | CMV | converted meteorological visibility | | CofA | certificate of airworthiness | | COM | communication (EBT [competency](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/competency)) | | COP | code of practice | | CoR | certificate of registration | | COSPAS-SARSAT | cosmicheskaya sistyema poiska avariynich sudov - search and rescue satellite-aided tracking | | CP | committal point | | CPA | closest point of approach | | CPDLC | controller pilot data link communication | | C-PED | controlled portable electronic device | | CPL | commercial pilot licence | | CRE | class rating examiner | | CRI | class rating instructor | | CRM | crew resource management | | CRZ | cruise | | CS | [Certification Specifications](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/certification-specifications) | | CSP | communication service provider | | CVR | cockpit voice recorder | | CVS | combined vision system | | DA | decision altitude | | DA/H | decision altitude/height | | DAP | downlinked aircraft parameters | | D-ATIS | digital automatic terminal information service | | DC | direct current | | DCL | departure clearance | | DES | descent | | D-FIS | data link flight information service | | DG | dangerous goods | | DH | decision height | | DI | daily inspection | | DIFF | deck integrated fire fighting system | | DLR | data link recorder | | DME | distance measuring equipment | | D-METAR | data link - meteorological aerodrome report | | D-OTIS | data link - operational terminal information service | | DPATO | defined point after take-off | | DPBL | defined point before landing | | DR | decision range | | DSTRK | desired track | | EBT | evidence-based training | | EC | European Community | | ECAC | European Civil Aviation Conference | | EFB | electronic flight bag | | EFIS | electronic flight instrument system | | EFVS | enhanced flight vision system | | EFVS-A | enhanced flight vision system used for approach | | EFVS-L | enhanced flight vision system used for landing | | EGNOS | European geostationary navigation overlay service | | EGT | exhaust gas temperature | | ELT | emergency locator transmitter | | ELT(AD) | emergency locator transmitter (automatically deployable) | | ELT(AF) | emergency locator transmitter (automatic fixed) | | ELT(DT) | emergency locator transmitter (distress tracking) | | ELT(AP) | emergency locator transmitter (automatic portable) | | ELT(S) | survival emergency locator transmitter | | EPE | estimated position of error | | EPR | engine pressure ratio | | EPU | estimated position of uncertainty | | ERA | en-route alternate (aerodrome) | | ERP | emergency response plan | | ETOPS | extended range operations with two-engined aeroplanes | | EU | European Union | | EUROCAE | European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment | | EVAL | [evaluation phase](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/evaluation-phase) | | EVS | enhanced vision system | | FAA | Federal Aviation Administration | | FAF | final approach fix | | FALS | full approach lighting system | | FANS | future air navigation systems | | FAP | final approach point | | FAR | Federal Aviation Regulation | | FAS | final approach segment | | FATO | final approach and take-off | | FC | flight crew | | FCL | flight crew licensing | | FCOM | flight crew operating manual | | FDM | flight data monitoring | | FDO | [flying display](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/flying-display) operation | | FDR | flight data recorder | | FFS | full flight simulator | | FGS | flight control/guidance system | | FI | flight instructor | | FLIPCY | flight plan consistency | | FLTA | forward-looking terrain avoidance | | FMECA | failure mode, effects and criticality analysis | | FMS | flight management system | | FNPT | flight and navigation procedures trainer | | FOD | foreign object damage | | FOSA | flight operational safety assessment | | FOV | field of view | | FPA | flight path management — automation (EBT competency) | | FPM | flight path management — manual control (EBT competency) | | fpm | feet per minute | | FRT | fixed radius transition | | FSTD | flight simulation training device | | ft | feet | | FTD | flight training device | | FTE | full time equivalent | | FTE | flight technical error | | FTL | flight and [duty](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/duty) time limitations | | g | gram | | GAGAN | GPS aided geo augmented navigation | | GBAS | ground-based augmentation system | | GCAS | ground collision avoidance system | | GEN | general | | GIDS | ground ice detection system | | GLS | GBAS landing system | | GM | Guidance Material | | GMP | general medical practitioner | | GND | ground | | GNSS | global navigation satellite system | | GPS | global [positioning](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/positioning) system | | GPWS | ground proximity warning system | | H | [helicopter](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/helicopter) | | HEMS | helicopter emergency medical service | | HF | high frequency | | Hg | mercury | | HHO | helicopter hoist operation | | HIALS | high intensity approach lighting system | | HIGE | hover in ground effect | | HLL | [helideck](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/helideck) limitations list | | HOGE | hover out of ground effect | | HoT | hold-over time | | hPa | hectopascals | | HPL | human performance and limitations | | HUD | head-up display | | HUDLS | head-up guidance landing system | | HUMS | health usage monitor system | | IAF | initial approach fix | | IALS | intermediate approach lighting system | | IAP | instrument approach procedure | | ICAO | International Civil Aviation Organization | | IDE | instruments, data and equipment | | IF | intermediate fix | | IFR | instrument flight rules | | IFSD | in-flight shutdown | | IGE | in ground effect | | ILS | instrument landing system | | IMC | instrument meteorological conditions | | in | inches | | INS | inertial navigation system | | IP | intermediate point | | IR | Implementing Rule | | IR | instrument rating | | IRS | inertial reference system | | ISA | international standard atmosphere | | ISI | [in-seat instruction](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/in-seat-instruction) | | ISO | International Organization for Standardization | | IV | intravenous | | JAA | Joint Aviation Authorities | | JAR | Joint Aviation Requirements | | kg | kilograms | | km | kilometres | | KNO | application of knowledge (EBT competency) | | kt | knots | | LDA | [landing distance available](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/landing-distance-available) | | LDF | landing distance factor | | LDG | landing | | LDP | landing decision point | | LDTA | landing distance at time of arrival | | LED | light-emitting diode | | LHO | local helicopter operation | | LHS | left-hand seat | | LIFUS | line flying under supervision | | LNAV | lateral navigation | | LoA | letter of acceptance | | LOC | localiser | | LOC-I | loss of control in-flight | | LOE | line-oriented evaluation | | LOFT | line-oriented flight training | | LOQE | line-oriented quality evaluation | | LOS | limited obstacle surface | | LP | Localiser performance | | LPV | localiser performance with vertical guidance | | LRCS | long range communication system | | LRNS | long range navigation system | | LSAA | landing system assessment area | | LTW | Leadership and teamwork (EBT competency) | | LVO | low visibility operation | | LVP | low visibility procedures | | LVTO | low visibility take-off | | m | metres | | MALS | medium intensity approach lighting system | | MALSF | medium intensity approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights | | MALSR | medium intensity approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights | | MAPt | missed approach point | | MCTOM | maximum certified [take-off mass](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/take-off-mass) | | MDA | minimum descent altitude | | MDH | minimum descent height | | MEA | minimum en-route altitude | | MED | medical | | MEL | minimum equipment list | | METAR | meteorological aerodrome report | | MGA | minimum grid altitude | | MHA | minimum holding altitude | | MHz | megahertz | | MID | midpoint | | MLR | manuals, logs and records | | MLS | microwave landing system | | MLX | millilux | | mm | millimetres | | MM | multi-mode | | MMEL | master minimum equipment list | | MNPS | minimum navigation performance specifications | | MOC | minimum obstacle clearance | | MOCA | minimum obstacle clearance altitude | | MOPSC | maximum operational passenger seating configuration | | MORA | minimum off-route altitude | | MPSC | maximum passenger seating capacity | | MSA | minimum [sector](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/sector) altitude | | MSAS | multi-functional satellite augmentation system | | MT | [manoeuvres training phase](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/manoeuvres-training-phase) | | MTCA | minimum terrain clearance altitude | | N | North | | NADP | noise abatement departure procedure | | NALS | no approach lighting system | | NCC | non-commercial operations with [complex motor-powered aircraft](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/complex-motor-powered-aircraft) | | NCO | non-commercial operations with other-than-complex motor-powered aircraft | | NF | free power turbine speed | | NG | engine gas generator speed | | NM | nautical miles | | NOTAM | notice to airmen | | NOTECHS | non-technical skills evaluation | | NOTOC | notification to captain | | NPA | non-precision approach | | NPA | Notice of Proposed Amendment | | NSE | navigation system error | | NVD | [night](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/night) vision device | | NVG | night vision goggles | | NVIS | night vision imaging system | | OAT | outside air temperature | | OB | observable behaviour | | OCH | obstacle clearance height | | OCL | oceanic clearance | | ODALS | omnidirectional approach lighting system | | OEI | one-engine-inoperative | | OFS | obstacle-free surface | | OFZ | obstacle free zone | | OGE | out of ground effect | | OIP | offset initiation point | | OM | operations manual | | OML | operational multi-pilot limitation | | ONC | operational navigation chart | | OPS | operations | | ORO | Organisation Requirements for Air Operations | | OTS CAT II | other than standard category II | | PAPI | precision approach path indicator | | PAR | precision approach radar | | PBCS | performance-based communication and surveillance | | PBE | protective breathing equipment | | PBN | performance-based navigation | | PC/PT | proficiency check/proficiency training | | PCDS | personnel carrying device system | | PDA | premature descent alert | | PDP | predetermined point | | PED | portable electronic device | | PFC | porous friction course | | PIC | pilot-in-command | | PIN | personal identification number | | PIS | public interest site | | PLB | personal locator beacon | | PNR | point of no return | | POH | pilot’s operating handbook | | PRM | person with reduced mobility | | PRO | application of procedures (EBT competency) | | PSD | problem-solving & decision making (EBT competency) | | PVD | paravisual display | | QAR | quick access recorder | | QFE | atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation / runway threshold | | QNH | atmospheric pressure at nautical height | | RA | resolution advisory | | RAIM | receiver autonomous integrity monitoring | | RAT | ram air turbine | | RCAM | runway condition assessment matrix | | RCC | rescue coordination centre | | RCF | reduced contingency fuel | | RCLL | runway centre line lights | | RCP | required communication performance | | RCR | runway condition report | | RF | radius to fix | | RF | radio frequency | | RFC | route facility chart | | RI | [ramp inspection](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/ramp-inspection) | | RI | [rectification interval](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/rectification-interval) | | RIE | rectification interval extension | | RMA | regional monitoring agency | | RNAV | area navigation | | RNP | required navigation performance | | RNP APCH | RNP approach | | RNP AR APCH | RNP approach for which authorisation is required | | ROD | rate of descent | | RP | [rotation](https://avioverse.aero/glossary/easa/rotation) point | | RSP | required surveillance performance | | RTCA | Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics | | RTODAH | rejected take-off distance available (helicopters) | | RTODRH | rejected take-off distance required (helicopters) | | RTOM | reduced take-off mass | | RTZL | runway touchdown zone lights | | RVR | runway visual range | | RVSM | reduced vertical separation minima | | RWYCC | runway condition code | | S | South | | SA CAT I | special authorisation category I | | SA CAT II | special authorisation category II | | SAFA | safety assessment of foreign aircraft | | SALS | simple approach lighting system | | SALSF | simple approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights | | SAp | stabilised approach | | SAP | system access parameters | | SAR | search and rescue | | SAS | stability augmentation system | | SAW | situation awareness (EBT competency) | | SBAS | satellite-based augmentation system | | SBT | scenario-based training | | SCC | senior cabin crew | | SCP | special category of passenger | | SDCM | system of differential correction and monitoring | | SFE | synthetic flight examiner | | SFI | synthetic flight instructor | | SID | standard instrument departure | | SMM | safety management manual | | SMS | safety management system | | SNAS | satellite navigation augmentation system | | SOP | standard operating procedure | | SPA | operations requiring specific approvals | | SPECI | aviation selected special weather report | | SPO | specialised operations | | SRA | surveillance radar approach | | SSALF | simplified short approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights | | SSALR | simplified short approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights | | SSALS | simplified short approach lighting system | | SSEC | static source error correction | | SSR | secondary surveillance radar | | STAR | standard terminal arrival route | | STC | supplemental type certificate | | SVS | synthetic vision system | | TA | traffic advisory | | TAC | terminal approach chart | | TAS | true airspeed | | TAWS | terrain awareness warning system | | TC | technical crew | | TC | type certificate | | TCAS | traffic collision avoidance system | | TCCA | Transport Canada Civil Aviation | | TCH | type certificate holder | | TDP | take-off decision point | | TDZ | touchdown zone | | TDZE | touchdown zone elevation | | THR | threshold | | TI | Technical Instructions | | TIT | turbine inlet temperature | | TLS | target level of safety | | TMG | touring motor glider | | TO | take-off | | TODA | take-off distance available (aeroplanes) | | TODAH | take-off distance available (helicopters) | | TODRH | take-off distance required (helicopters) | | TOGA | take-off/go around | | TORA | take-off run available | | T-PED | transmitting portable electronic device | | TRE | type rating examiner | | TRI | type rating instructor | | TSE | total system error | | TVE | total vertical error | | TWIP | terminal weather information for pilots | | UMS | usage monitoring system | | UPRT | upset prevention and recovery training | | UTC | coordinated universal time | | V2 | take-off safety speed | | Vs0 | stalling speed | | VAT | indicated airspeed at threshold | | VDF | VHF direction finder | | VFR | visual flight rules | | VHF | very high frequency | | VIS | visibility | | VMC | visual meteorological conditions | | VMO | maximum operating speed | | VNAV | vertical navigation | | VOR | VHF omnidirectional radio range | | VSS | visual segment surface | | VT | threshold speed | | VTOL | vertical take-off and landing | | VTOSS | take-off safety speed | | WAAS | wide area augmentation system | | WAC | world aeronautical chart | | WIFI | wireless fidelity | | WLM | workload management (EBT competency) | | ZFTT | zero flight-time training | GM — Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 · ED Decision 2022/012/R · Air OPS Easy Access Rules · EAR revision 27 Mar 2026 [All rules in Powers and recitals](https://avioverse.aero/regulations/easa/air-ops/definitions/powers-and-recitals) Consolidated from the EASA Easy Access Rules (revision 27 Mar 2026, extracted 13 Oct 2026) for convenience. Not the official publication — verify against the Official Journal of the European Union and the EASA publications before operational use.